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biochem_keubel > BioChem_quiz 4_Cell Biology > Flashcards

BioChem_quiz 4_Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Biology or cytology

A

the study of the structure and function of what happens inside cells and at the surface of cells, and how cells act and react with the environment inside and outside the cell.

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2
Q

Biochemistry

A

language of the structure and function of what happens inside cells and at the surface of cells, and how cells act and react with the environment inside and outside the cell.

The actions of cellular life are dependent in part on the function of molecular chemistry. Thus we study OH (hydroxyl) and C=O (carbonyl) groups to learn how cells
function on the level of their parts.
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3
Q

multicellular organisms

A

cells differentiate into sheets of like-minded cells with duplicate structure and function.

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4
Q

tissues

A

sheets of like-minded cells with duplicate structure and function.

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5
Q

plasmalemma or plasma membrane

A

how cells are seperated from their environment.

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6
Q

what usually has a wall or capsule outside the plasmalemma for extra protection?

A

plants, bacteria, protozoa

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7
Q

cytoplasm

A

the fluid and structure environment within the plasmalemma that all cells have

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8
Q

what makes the cytoplasm?

A

Dissolved ions like Ca+2, Na+, K+, Cl– or cytosol, also a salty fluid.

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9
Q

what are the genes that all cells have fro reproduction and life functions (except when it is removed)?

A

most often DNA, (deoxyribonucleic acid) but sometimes in viruses, RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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10
Q

what are the two basic types of cells?

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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11
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • Bacteria and viruses.

- Unicellular. Their genetic material is tethered together, but it floats freely in the cytoplasm of the cell.

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12
Q

Eukaryotes

A

-Yeast, fungi, plants, animals, humans and protozoids.
-multicellular.
-Are more evolved creatures, and have a
separate cell nucleus (for DNA storage) encased by a nuclear membrane, all within the cytoplasm?
They are most often

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13
Q

What are organelles?

A

They are micro organs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They perform many of the biochemical functions of the cells.

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14
Q

What is the virus responsible for the common cold? (In chinese medicine this is wind-cold)

A

Rhinovirus/picornovirus

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15
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Processes’ and modifies proteins.

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16
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Where the cell makes energy. Highly oxidative environment.

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17
Q

what is different about a plant cell from and animal cell?

A

-build cellulose cell walls outside their plasmalemma,
-usually have a large central vacuole which holds a supply of water, thus
providing turgidity.
-have chloroplasts which convert carbon
dioxide to oxygen.

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18
Q

chlorophyll

A

the molecule which facilitates the production of

oxygen from carbon dioxide.

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19
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • similiar to mitochondrian
  • mitochondrian consumes sugars
  • chloroplasts make sugar
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20
Q

what does a nucleus in a eukaryotic cell do?

A

stores its genetic material (DNA) and the structures used for cell division and protein synthesis.

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21
Q

translation

A

occurs outside the nucleus. for making proteins

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22
Q

transcription

A

occurs in organelle. for genetic code

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23
Q

uninucleate.

A

Cells typically have one nucleus

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24
Q

multinucleated

A

Huge cells like some plant cells, nerves and skeletal muscle cells will be multinucleated for increased efficiency

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25
Q

anucleate

A

no nucleus.

they have had their nucleus removed while maturing in the bone marrow. This is why they only live 3–4 months before they degrade and are recycled by the spleen and liver.

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26
Q

nuclear envelope

A

is a double-layered membrane and contains pores which allow materials to selectively pass in or out of the nucleus, thus protecting the genes from the many activities of the cytoplasm.

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27
Q

Chromatin

A

giant particles of tightly wound spools of DNA.

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28
Q

2 types of chromatin

A

Euchromatin is less tightly packed and easily available for DNA transcription while Heterochromatin is chromatin not used by that cell, and packed to keep the genes conserved.

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29
Q

nucleolus

A

a “factory” inside the nucleus which makes the organelles called ribosomes from rRNA and proteins.

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30
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough)

A

The endoplasmic reticulum are the folded, convoluted network of lipid bilayer membranes that course throughout the cytoplasm. These membranes almost completely fill the cytoplasm.

ER not only gives structure to the cell, but is a vast
transportation and storage system and also gives
enzymes contained spaces in which to work.

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31
Q

cytoskeleton

A

holds lipid bilayer membranes in place

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32
Q

rough ER

A

nothing more than Smooth ER with ribosomes embedded in the bilayer, giving a rough appearance on photomicrographs

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33
Q

vacuole

A

storage chamber

34
Q

SER & RER

A

These membranes organize the interior of the
cell, allow organized transport of molecular
products like proteins and lipids;

35
Q

enzymes

A

manufacture necessary molecules like lipids, hormones, enzymes and carbohydrates

36
Q

cellular products

A

proteins,

37
Q

vacuoles

A

for storage and metabolism

38
Q

vesicles

A

which transport a product out of or around the cell

39
Q

RER

A

attaches ribosomes which produce proteins;

40
Q

SER

A

reorganize itself to form the Golgi complexes which modify protein products.

41
Q

golgi complex

A

modify protein products. flattened ER near the nucleus. It receives proteins, carbohydrates and lipids from ER manufacturies.

42
Q

what membranes reorganize to form the golgi complex?

A

ER

43
Q

exocytosis

A

tansported out of the cell.

44
Q

cis

A

close

45
Q

trans

A

far

46
Q

ribosomes

A

-organelles that manufacture proteins from translated genetic code and amino acids. -enzymatic action to produce proteins.

47
Q

active site

A

products enter and exit. is the location in an enzymewhere the enzyme catalyzes reactions.

48
Q

mitochondrian

A

a highly specialized organelle, with a double membrane. Evolutionary biologists theorize that
the mitochondrion is a prokaryotic organism that began a symbiotic relationship within eukaryotic cells, and has evolved as an integral part of eukaryotes. It is not found in prokaryotes.
- fuel burning energy-producing source of each cell.

49
Q

ATP

A

cellular fuel

50
Q

why is mitochondrion unique?

A

has its own simple loops of DNA, and reproduces itself by itself as necessary

51
Q

fission

A

division of inner and outer membrane. cells split after mitochondria replicate their DNA

52
Q

Vacuoles are vesicles

A

pinched off from ER and Golgi bodies and filled with a specific product. A vacuole is named depending on what is stored in them – for example,
peroxisomes contain hydrogen peroxide

53
Q

what is endocytosis or phagocytosis?

A
  • (remove and consume)

- a process in which the plasmalemma creates vacuoles for encapsulating external masses, surrounding a particle

54
Q

phagosome

A
  • solid particles like protein or bacteria

- product of endocytosis or phagocytosis

55
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • exit
  • when a vacuole fuses with the plasmalemma and releases its contents to the interstitial environment, such as releasing mucus or enzymes
56
Q

lysosomes

A

carry lysing enzymes that breaks down the substance

57
Q

catabolism.

A

The metabolic act of breaking down complex substances by enzymes into smaller molecules

58
Q

anabolism

A

The building processes of the cell that assembles structures and stores molecules

59
Q

cytoskeleton

A

gives a cell volume and structure. The skeleton

runs along the inner surface of the plasmalemma, and runs like columns through the cytoplasm.

60
Q

microtubules

A
  • stiff protein tubes that assemble and disassemble as the cell’s structural needs change.
  • repeating subunit of protein
61
Q

Intermediate and microfilaments

A

mostly composed of the proteind actin, which can stretch and contract the cell.

62
Q

how are tissues formed?

A

when cells adhere to each other

63
Q

tight junctions and desmosomes

A

these keep the cells together after they adhere to each other.

64
Q

lipid bilayer membranes

A

the primary structure of cells; phosopholipids, cholesterol, and embedded proteins.

65
Q

phospholipids

A

mostabundant molecule of membranes, and gives the membrane its primary properties.

66
Q

membranes

A

seperation, protect, selective transport

67
Q

non-polar

A

repel water

68
Q

polar

A

attracted to water. cytoplasm. interstitial fluid

69
Q

enzymes

A

myriad functions

70
Q

receptor proteins

A

bind hormones and trnsmitters

71
Q

channel proteins

A

selectively allows ions and molecules through the membrane — e.g. calcium must be transported

72
Q

carrier proteins

A

carries hormones or other molecules through the membrane — e.g. insulin is carried into cells

73
Q

carbohydrates

A

glycogen-based moieties operate as cell lubricants, adhesives, identifying markers (immune recognition) and receptors

74
Q

endocytosis

A

draws a particle in

75
Q

lysosomes

A

vacuoles filled with catabolic enzymes, fuse with the phagosomes, digest the particles, and the waste products will be excreted through the plasmalemma by exocytosis.

76
Q

Active Transport

A

means proteins on the surface use ATP to move molecules in and out of the cell.

77
Q

Passive Transport

A

proteins utilize natural chemical gradients of concentration or other properties to move molecules in and out of the cell without expending any energy.

78
Q

channel proteins

A

allow selective transport of ions, hormones,
and molecules like glucose into or out of a cell. They are usually fueled by ATP and work against the concentration gradient. This is active transport.

79
Q

carrier proteins

A

move larger molecules than channels, and often use passive transport as well as active transport.

80
Q

Receptors

A

proteins which are the communication devices of
the cell with the bloodstream and with its nearby tissue cells. They receive molecular signals from the exterior and communicate a message to the interior of the cell.
_designed to sense specific molecular messengers–ligands

81
Q

ligand

A
  • lodges in active site

- begins cascade of activities signaling the cell of changed conditions.

biochem_keubel (10 decks)

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