BioChem_quiz3_Organic Chemistry II Flashcards
What always has 4 bonds?
Carbon
Sulfide groups. Test question
extremely important in protein structure and in cellular energy production.
Carbonyl Group
a carbon double bonded to an oxygen,
is repeatedly seen in related classes of organic molecules — Carboxylic acids, Aldehydes, Keytones, Esters, Amides, etc.
Carbonyl groups are polar in nature.
R- Groups
Frequently, for shorthand purposes, an “R-“ is placed in a skeleton diagram to indicate that some chemical group is attached to the atoms in question, but it is not important to see or know what that chemical group is.
Occasionally, when looking at a molecule, there will be an “R” and an “R’” (R- prime) which indicated 2 differing R groups.
Ethers
non-polar molecules with an R-
replacing hydrogen (R-O-R).
Simple ethers are used as anesthetics.
Thiols
simple to complex polar molecules with a sulfur atom replacing the oxygen atom in the OH- group; therefore the molecule has a SH group (R-S-H) — the sulfide group.
Always indicate sulfur.
Phenols
polar alcohol molecules with one benzene ring or more;
many are used as antiseptics.
Acetaldehyde
is a liver metabolite of ethyl alcohol, which is responsible for alcohol hangovers.
It’s an aldehyde
cinnamaldehyde
The essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 90%
It’s an aldehyde
What likes to be -2? Always has net negative charge.
Oxygen
-COOH (Know this!)
This group is found throughout the biological world, creating weak acids,
as the H dissociates for only short periods of time from the COOH group, creating a mild acid reaction
— less time H is in solution, less acid is the fluid.
fatty acids
Are Common carboxylic acids, which we identify as fats or lipids, but are
actually acid fats.
Fatty acids are classifiedby their saturation — unsaturated or saturated.
Prostaglandin E1
an unsaturated fatty acid messenger molecule
Double bond makes a fatty acid unsaturated
Esters
are created from the COOH group by replacing the H with R-. Many esters are fragrant.
are identified by the suffix of -oate
Ex: Ethyl Heptanoate
Alcohols
any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl group. Most alcohols are alkanes and aliphatic, but can have aromatic groups. The OH group usually makes alcohols hydrophilic. Technically, cholesterol is an alcohol.
Three types of amines (test question)
primary, with 1 R- group, secondary, with 2 R- groups, and tertiary, with 3 R-groups.
Primary Amine R-NH2
Secondary Amine R-NH-R
Tertiary Amine R-N-R-R
Amino acids,
Are the building blocks of proteins, are all amines, with differing R- groups.
Most amino acids are primary amines (R-NH2).
Heterocyclic Amines
This huge class of amines are based upon ring structures that include one or more nitrogen atoms in the carbon ring.
Many carcinogens are these
Ex: Nicotine, Strychnine, Morphine
Amides
They combine an amine group with a carbonyl group.
All proteins are these
Examples:
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) C8H9NO2
Amoxicillin C16H19N3O5S
Keytones
are derived from aldehydes by substituting a second R- group for the hydrogen.
Biological Macromolecules
Biological systems are structurally composed of 4 basic types of organic molecules:
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
(N.L.C.P.)
phenlyketonuria.
Keytone groups are the chemical cause of toxicity in this genetic disease.
Carboxylic Acid,
R-COOH, is a very common organic acid group, with the R- being any kind of aliphatic or aromatic compound.
Starches
created from simple sugars by linking multiple simple sugars in long chains.
similar to protein creation.
