BioChem_quiz2_Intro to Organic Chemistry

Question 1

diffusion

Answer 1

is a spontaneous and irreversible process. Particles can spread out, but will not spontaneously re-order themselves.

Question 2

Surface Area

Answer 2

is the 2-dimensional measurement of a surface. The amount of surface area exposed of a cell wall or membrane allows more (increased surface area) or less (decreased surface area) chance for interaction and diffusion.

red blood cells, have a small surface area,because their shape is simple and smooth. It keeps the cell compact and does not expose itself to the environment as easily.

A neuron is the opposite; it has numerous extensions of its cell membrane, which increases surface area of the cell for maximum exposure to the environment.

Question 3

Chemical Reactions

Answer 3

A chemical reaction takes place when molecules and/or atoms interact and a change (delta - Δ) in one or more molecules or atoms occurs. Energy is either used or created because of the reaction. There is often an exchange of atoms between molecules by the creation or breaking of bonds.

Question 5

redox reactions

Answer 5

Chemical reactions sometimes create oxidation and reduction of respective atoms or molecules involved.

One molecule will oxidize, the other will be reduced, thus maintaining a balance.

Question 8

catalyst

Answer 8

a substance intimately involved with a reaction which, without the use of energy, causes a reaction to occur, almost as if it was spontaneous.

Question 9

Oxidants and antioxidants

Answer 9

Oxidants damage tissues, antioxidants “mop up” this oxidative stress, preventing chronic and intense damage to biological molecules.

Oxidative stress from environmental toxins is the eventual cause of many modern diseases.

Question 11

toxin

Answer 11

is a molecule that strips electrons from biological molecules. Toxins are tenacious and keep their electrons, leaving molecules and hence their environment in an oxidized state. Antioxidants restore electrons to an environment and are inherently recycled so that they can re-donate electrons again and again.

Question 12

Oxidation

Answer 12

occurs when a molecule loses electrons(e-), hydrogen atoms (H0), or accepts oxygen.

Question 13

Radioactivity

Answer 13

the result of decay of that nucleus. It does not affect the electrons.
Nuclear radiation comes from unstable atomic nuclei releasing particles from the unstable nucleus, and hence, the nucleus decays.

Question 14

Reduction

Answer 14

occurs when a molecule accepts electrons or hydrogen ions (H ) and loses oxygen.

Question 15

decay particles

Answer 15

Some isotopes of some elements are unstable, and release decay particles into the environment.

Some isotopes of some elements are so unstable that the nucleus decays by losing both protons and neutrons, again, spewing radioactive particles into the environment.

Question 16

cesium and strontium

Answer 16

are metals, relatives of sodium, potassium and calcium — all with the same valence states.Their unstable isotopes are created by the disintegration of uranium from fission. Cesium substitutes for sodium or potassium — 1, and strontium substitutes for calcium — 2 in biological
systems, and release their radiation directly into the organisms they have been incorporated.

Question 17

4 major types of decay particles

Answer 17

beta particles
positron emission
gamma rays
alpha particles

Question 18

Oxidative stress

Answer 18

occurs when there is an abundance of oxidized molecules or atoms in a tissue. This causes a host of problems which interfere with normal function of the tissue. Chronic oxidative stress leads to chronic illness, such as coronary artery disease.

Question 19

Beta Particles

Answer 19

Beta particles are high energy electrons with a negative charge. They do not act like normal electrons because they are ejected from the decaying nucleus of a radioactive atom at high speed.

Question 22

conformational structure

Answer 22

Oxidants are damaging to tissues because they react with atom(s) of a molecule and change the molecule, which changes the _____________ _________________ and/or the electrochemistry of the molecule.

Question 24

The most common elements in organic compounds/ molecules

Answer 24

Carbon — 4 Bonds, neutral charge
Oxygen — 2 Bonds, negative charge
Nitrogen — 3 Bonds, negative charge
Hydrogen — 1 Bond, positive charge

Question 25

sulfur and phosphorus

Answer 25

The next most common are:
Sulfur — 4 Bonds, positive charge
Phosphorus — 4 Bonds, positive charge

Also bond in a varying way to
hydrogen
oxygen
carbon
nitrogen

Question 26

Carbon

Answer 26

Carbon, element #6, has a valence of -4, and always has it’s 4 bonds filled, and always bonds covalently. Carbon’s bonds have a tetrahedral distribution around the nucleus. Chemists don’t consider carbon to be polarized like other atoms because both positive and negative atoms bond to it.

Question 27

Nuclear Chemistry

Answer 27

the chemistry of an atom’s nucleus.

Question 29

isotope

Answer 29

An element can have differing numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.

Question 32

Enantiomers or Stereoisomers

Answer 32

These terms are the technical terms for molecules that have mirror image

Question 36

Aliphatic

Answer 36

Chain
molecules are based on a c-c-c carbon-carbon-carbon linear backbone. They are further divided into alkane, alkene, and alkyne molecules, indicating single-, double- and triple bonded compounds respectively.
Fats, sterols, waxes, fuels like gasoline or butane or propane are all aliphatic compounds.

Question 37

ionizing radiation

Answer 37

Decay products from atomic disintegration

Question 38

Benzene

Answer 38

has the formula C6H6, has 3 double bonds between the six carbons which forms the ring structure. These bonds flip from carbon to carbon,
and are not static.

Question 40

Alpha Particles

Answer 40

This is no more than ahelium nucleus that has no electrons. It is weak radiation, and disperses quickly.

Question 41

Positron emissions

Answer 41

a decay product of a proton, and has a positive charge. It can be called b , as the positron is the antimatter particle to an electron. It is an high energy particle.

Question 42

Gamma Rays

Answer 42

These are very high energyand dangerously destructive particle emissions.

Question 43

Brownian Motion

Answer 43

If we could trace the motion of just one molecule in water to describe it’s journey, we would see a very random bouncing around of that molecule in it’s confining container.

random motion.

All sub- stances in solution, be it gas or liquid solution, will move in this random, dynamic fashion.

Question 44

concentration gradients

Answer 44

sub-category of diffusion

This means that within a closed system, like a cell, one part of the cell may have a greater concentration of substance X than in another part. The tendency of substance X is to diffuse towards to areas of the cell where it is less concentrated, because X has the thermodynamic imperative to go to equilibrium.

Question 45

solubilizes

Answer 45

biological molecules are almost always found operating in the liquid environment of water, H2O. This fluid is a spectacular medium for life to thrive, because it is dynamic, being polar, and because it solubilizes so many substances

Question 46

Hydraulics

Answer 46

the study and application of using pressures of liquids to do work.

Technically liquids will compress in very, very tiny amounts, similarly as solids.

Gases compress easily, and can be made to take up more or less space than normal atmospheric pressure allows.

Thus, when a liquid fills a space, it does not compress, and creates a hydraulic pressure. Unless the temperature changes, which will expand or shrink the mass of liquid, that liquid can’t be compressed.

Question 47

Gas Pressure

Answer 47

Gases create a pressure. But gases are compressible, so they naturally create a pressure in direct ratio to the amount of pressure they are exerting, or being exerted upon.

• Heated gas creates more pressure, cold gas is denser, less energetic, and creates less pressure, because it does not hit the walls of it’s container with as much force.
• Some gases will dissolve in liquids, as oxygen or carbon dioxide does in blood. This is called a partial pressure.

Question 48

carbon

Answer 48

The study of organic chemistry is based on molecules and compounds that contain the element _________.

Question 49

activation energy

Answer 49

The amount of energy needed to start a reaction

This amount will vary depending on what is reacting.

Question 50

rate of reaction

Answer 50

the speed of a reaction to completion

Catalysts usually speed up the reaction rate.

Reactions between atoms or molecules are like simple
addition equations: Q R=S. Reactions can also be Q R = S and T.
The “ “ is where the activation energy and catalyst(s) act to create an interaction between the two atoms or molecules.

Reactions are electrochemical in nature, and there must be a neutral balance across the reaction, so that positive and negative charges are equal across the reaction unless special circumstances prevent this from occurring.

For example: sodium hydroxide hydrochloric acid yields sodium chloride and water
Na OH- H Cl- = Na Cl- and H 2O-2

Question 51

naming convention for molecules

Answer 51

"meth-" = 1
"eth-" = 2
"prop-" = 3
"but-" = 4,
"pent-" = 5
"hex-" = 6
"hept" = 7
"oct" = 8

Question 53

The suffix of a molec

Answer 53

ol, an alcohol
ase, an enzyme
ose, a sugar
amine, an amino acid

Question 63

Hydrophobicity

Answer 63

fear of water

Question 64

Hydrophilicity

Answer 64

affinity with water

Question 65

Bond Saturation

Answer 65

the more double bonds an organic molecule has, the less saturated a molecule is.

Question 66

Saturated

Answer 66

MORE HYDROGEN

Question 69

Unsaturated

Answer 69

LESS HYDROGEN

Question 74

enantiomers

Answer 74

Many organic molecules exist in both right- and left-handed mirror image configurations.

Question 75

D-(for dextrorotatory).

Answer 75

The right- configuration is signified as

Question 76

L-(levorotatory)

Answer 76

The left- configuration is signified as

Question 80

Aromatic compounds

Answer 80

Aromatic molecules are based on the benzene ring structure, and are known for their ability to create aromas.

Question 84

Alkenes

Answer 84

one or more double bondsbetween carbons

Question 85

Alkynes

Answer 85

one or more triple bonds between carbons

Question 86

Second Law Of Thermodynamics

Answer 86

explains entropy, the desire of matter and energy to equilibrate if not constrained.

Question 87

entropy

Answer 87

is easily seen in the diffusion of heat from ahotter area to a colder area. This is also seen in the concentration of atoms and molecules dissolved in water _ they want to form an equal concentration across the entire volume of water.

Question 106

Enzymes

Answer 106

primary biological catalysts.

Question 130

acet-

Answer 130

a 2-carbon chain

Question 135

most amino acids used in biological systems

Answer 135

L form

Question 136

Sugar molecules that are of use in biological systems

Answer 136

D form

Question 137

Alkane

Answer 137

Single bond