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biochem_keubel > BioChem_quiz 5_Biochemistry of Carbohydrates > Flashcards

BioChem_quiz 5_Biochemistry of Carbohydrates Flashcards

0
Q

Carbohydrates

A

made from sugars

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1
Q

Proteins

A

made from amino acids

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2
Q

lipids

A

made from aliphatic chains and sterol

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3
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

made from nucleotides

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4
Q

“ose”

A

indicates the molecule is a sugar or carbohydrate. For example – glucose,sucrose, arabinose, maltose, galactose, cellulose, mannose — are all carbohydrates

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5
Q

starches

A

Macromolecular-sized carbohydrates made of repeating subunits of sugars

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6
Q

Simple sugars

A

mono- and disaccharides

Monosaccharides are the basic building block of all starches and sugars.

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7
Q

polysaccharides

A

complex sugars

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8
Q

what is The characteristic structure of a monosaccharide sugar?

A

a ring of 4 or 5 carbon atoms with 1 oxygen atom included in the ring, with numerousOH– (hydroxyl) groups attached to the ring.

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9
Q

Digestion processes convert starches and sugars to what base biological sugar?

A

Glucose

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10
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates in the diet

A

Energy production

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11
Q

Monosaccharides or monomers

A

glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose, lactose, arabinose, mannose. The basic formula is (CxH2XOx).

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12
Q

Disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides bonded by an oxygen bridge, using a dehydration synthesis reaction. Two monomers that are bonded are called
dimers.

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13
Q

oligosaccharide

A

a small-length polysaccharide with 3 to 10 sugar subunits. Oligosaccharides are often found as a component of glycoproteins or glycolipids and as such are used as cell surface markers, often for immune recognition.

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14
Q

Polysaccharides

A

multiple monosaccharides bonded in long chains

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15
Q

Starches

A

are polysaccharides and are created from simple sugars by linking multiple simple sugars in long chains, similar to protein creation.

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16
Q

Plants create three major starch types —

A

amylose, amylopectin, and cellulose, all synthesized from glucose, the primary product of photosynthesis.

Cellulose is structural, the others are energy storage molecules, easily broken down to glucose

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17
Q

Glucose

A

the most important monosaccharide in
biological systems. It is used by cells for creating the high-energy storage molecule called ATP in two distinct processes: Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle/Oxidative Phosphorylation.

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18
Q

Glucose

A

exists as enantiomers, L-glucose and D-glucose.

Only D-glucose is used in biological systems for energy generation.

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19
Q

chiral conformations

A

A and B. Chirality is a simple position change,unlike an enantiomer which is an entire
molecular mirror image

20
Q

What is utilized in glycolysis?

A

Only b-D-glucose

21
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

When 2 monosaccharides are bonded by an enzyme, one molecule of H2O is released, as if the new molecule has dried out a bit. (the bonding dehydrates)

22
Q

glycosidic bond

A

This bond between monomers of sugar molecules is the most common bonding link in saccharide chemistry.

Starches and other polysaccharides are
composed entirely of glycosidic bonds between
monomers.

23
Q

In sugars, what is the linking of dehydration synthesis called?

A

Glycosidic bond

24
Q

hydrolysis

A

The opposite of dehydration synthesis.
a catabolic process where macromolecules like proteins and carbohydrates are broken down into their individual subunits, and water is needed to complete the breakdown.

25
Q

In a glycosidic bond what is removed?

In dehydration synthesis

A

one OH– and one H+

then an oxygen bridge forms between the two ring structures, and H2O is released.

26
Q

Amylose

A

another long-chain plant starch of glucose monomers. Amylose and amylopectin occur together in plants as sugar storage molecules in the proportion of approximately 70% amylopectin / 30% amylose.
Amylose is a water soluble starch, and is broken down by amylase, a common salivary and intestinal enzyme.

27
Q

Amylose

A

Plant starch

28
Q

Glycogen

A

Animal starch

29
Q

Glycogenesis

A

The generation of glycogen from monomers

30
Q

Glycogen

A

It is the major energy storage molecule of

muscle tissue

31
Q

Hydrogen bonding in cellulose

A

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions of hydrogen to adjacent oxygen atoms which gives another level of bonding in the macromolecule.
In the case of cellulose, the poly- saccharide strands are held tightly together, giving cellulose its stiff, dry character.

32
Q

Chitin

A

Animal starch as a protective cover.

33
Q

Test question…

A

The exoskeletons of insects are made of chitin, a polysaccharide of repeating monomers of N-acetyl glucosamine, a sugar-amino monomer.

34
Q

Metabolism

A

the enormous set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to nourish themselves, reproduce and grow, build and re-build their structures, and respond to environmental changes.

35
Q

Catabolic

A

Break down

36
Q

Anabolic

A

Build

37
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Used to Generate cellular energy

38
Q

Cellular energy

A

Drives the activity of enzymes

39
Q

High energy molecule?

A

ATP

40
Q

There are 2 methods to generate ATP:

A

The simpler and less efficient ATP generation
system is Glycolysis. Prokaryotes only use
glycolysis to generate ATP.
Eukaryotes use glycolysis to generate substrates used in the highly efficient process
of the Kreb’s Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle followed by Oxidative Phosphorylation, which produces
many times more ATP than glycolysis.

41
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

takes place without O2, and is called glycolysis.

42
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

requires O2, but produces an abundance of ATP and carbon dioxide.

43
Q

proteases

A

Enzymes active in stomach acid

44
Q

Lipids

A

broken down by lipases after they have been dissolved in bile acids excreted from the liver and gall bladder.

– Note that the suffix “-ase” indicates an enzyme.

45
Q

Sugars

A

enter glycolysis and form pyruvate + 2 ATP + NADH

46
Q

Glycolysis

A

metabolizes simple sugars to create pyruvic acid.

47
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

When glucose is not immediately available from digestate, it can be created from precursor
molecules like lactate or amino acids in an
anabolic process called

biochem_keubel (10 decks)

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