BioChem_quiz 5_Biochemistry of Carbohydrates

Question 0

Carbohydrates

Answer 0

made from sugars

Question 1

Proteins

Answer 1

made from amino acids

Question 2

lipids

Answer 2

made from aliphatic chains and sterol

Question 3

Nucleic Acids

Answer 3

made from nucleotides

Question 4

“ose”

Answer 4

indicates the molecule is a sugar or carbohydrate. For example – glucose,sucrose, arabinose, maltose, galactose, cellulose, mannose — are all carbohydrates

Question 5

starches

Answer 5

Macromolecular-sized carbohydrates made of repeating subunits of sugars

Question 6

Simple sugars

Answer 6

mono- and disaccharides

Monosaccharides are the basic building block of all starches and sugars.

Question 7

polysaccharides

Answer 7

complex sugars

Question 8

what is The characteristic structure of a monosaccharide sugar?

Answer 8

a ring of 4 or 5 carbon atoms with 1 oxygen atom included in the ring, with numerousOH– (hydroxyl) groups attached to the ring.

Question 9

Digestion processes convert starches and sugars to what base biological sugar?

Answer 9

Glucose

Question 10

What is the role of carbohydrates in the diet

Answer 10

Energy production

Question 11

Monosaccharides or monomers

Answer 11

glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose, lactose, arabinose, mannose. The basic formula is (CxH2XOx).

Question 12

Disaccharides

Answer 12

two monosaccharides bonded by an oxygen bridge, using a dehydration synthesis reaction. Two monomers that are bonded are called
dimers.

Question 13

oligosaccharide

Answer 13

a small-length polysaccharide with 3 to 10 sugar subunits. Oligosaccharides are often found as a component of glycoproteins or glycolipids and as such are used as cell surface markers, often for immune recognition.

Question 14

Polysaccharides

Answer 14

multiple monosaccharides bonded in long chains

Question 15

Starches

Answer 15

are polysaccharides and are created from simple sugars by linking multiple simple sugars in long chains, similar to protein creation.

Question 16

Plants create three major starch types —

Answer 16

amylose, amylopectin, and cellulose, all synthesized from glucose, the primary product of photosynthesis.

Cellulose is structural, the others are energy storage molecules, easily broken down to glucose

Question 17

Glucose

Answer 17

the most important monosaccharide in
biological systems. It is used by cells for creating the high-energy storage molecule called ATP in two distinct processes: Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle/Oxidative Phosphorylation.

Question 18

Glucose

Answer 18

exists as enantiomers, L-glucose and D-glucose.

Only D-glucose is used in biological systems for energy generation.

Question 19

chiral conformations

Answer 19

A and B. Chirality is a simple position change,unlike an enantiomer which is an entire
molecular mirror image

Question 20

What is utilized in glycolysis?

Answer 20

Only b-D-glucose

Question 21

dehydration synthesis

Answer 21

When 2 monosaccharides are bonded by an enzyme, one molecule of H2O is released, as if the new molecule has dried out a bit. (the bonding dehydrates)

Question 22

glycosidic bond

Answer 22

This bond between monomers of sugar molecules is the most common bonding link in saccharide chemistry.

Starches and other polysaccharides are
composed entirely of glycosidic bonds between
monomers.

Question 23

In sugars, what is the linking of dehydration synthesis called?

Answer 23

Glycosidic bond

Question 24

hydrolysis

Answer 24

The opposite of dehydration synthesis. a catabolic process where macromolecules like proteins and carbohydrates are broken down into their individual subunits, and water is needed to complete the breakdown.

Question 25

In a glycosidic bond what is removed? | In dehydration synthesis

Answer 25

one OH– and one H+ | then an oxygen bridge forms between the two ring structures, and H2O is released.

Question 26

Amylose

Answer 26

another long-chain plant starch of glucose monomers. Amylose and amylopectin occur together in plants as sugar storage molecules in the proportion of approximately 70% amylopectin / 30% amylose. Amylose is a water soluble starch, and is broken down by amylase, a common salivary and intestinal enzyme.

Question 27

Amylose

Answer 27

Plant starch

Question 28

Glycogen

Answer 28

Animal starch

Question 29

Glycogenesis

Answer 29

The generation of glycogen from monomers

Question 30

Glycogen

Answer 30

It is the major energy storage molecule of | muscle tissue

Question 31

Hydrogen bonding in cellulose

Answer 31

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions of hydrogen to adjacent oxygen atoms which gives another level of bonding in the macromolecule. In the case of cellulose, the poly- saccharide strands are held tightly together, giving cellulose its stiff, dry character.

Question 32

Chitin

Answer 32

Animal starch as a protective cover.

Question 33

Test question...

Answer 33

The exoskeletons of insects are made of chitin, a polysaccharide of repeating monomers of N-acetyl glucosamine, a sugar-amino monomer.

Question 34

Metabolism

Answer 34

the enormous set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to nourish themselves, reproduce and grow, build and re-build their structures, and respond to environmental changes.

Question 35

Catabolic

Answer 35

Break down

Question 36

Anabolic

Answer 36

Build

Question 37

Carbohydrates

Answer 37

Used to Generate cellular energy

Question 38

Cellular energy

Answer 38

Drives the activity of enzymes

Question 39

High energy molecule?

Answer 39

ATP

Question 40

There are 2 methods to generate ATP:

Answer 40

The simpler and less efficient ATP generation system is Glycolysis. Prokaryotes only use glycolysis to generate ATP. Eukaryotes use glycolysis to generate substrates used in the highly efficient process of the Kreb’s Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle followed by Oxidative Phosphorylation, which produces many times more ATP than glycolysis.

Question 41

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 41

takes place without O2, and is called glycolysis.

Question 42

Aerobic respiration

Answer 42

requires O2, but produces an abundance of ATP and carbon dioxide.

Question 43

proteases

Answer 43

Enzymes active in stomach acid

Question 44

Lipids

Answer 44

broken down by lipases after they have been dissolved in bile acids excreted from the liver and gall bladder. – Note that the suffix “-ase” indicates an enzyme.

Question 45

Sugars

Answer 45

enter glycolysis and form pyruvate + 2 ATP + NADH

Question 46

Glycolysis

Answer 46

metabolizes simple sugars to create pyruvic acid.

Question 47

gluconeogenesis

Answer 47

When glucose is not immediately available from digestate, it can be created from precursor molecules like lactate or amino acids in an anabolic process called