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Anatomy & Physiology > Quiz 1 (Chapters 1-5) > Flashcards

Quiz 1 (Chapters 1-5) Flashcards

1
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the front of the body, anterior

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2
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back of the body, posterior

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3
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head or upper part

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4
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head

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5
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of origin

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6
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin

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7
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides left and right

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8
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides superior and inferior

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9
Q

Oblique plane

A

Diagonal (any angle other than 90 degrees)

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10
Q

Feedback systems

A

Corrective cycles that help restore the conditions needed for healthy life

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11
Q

Radiographic anatomy

A

Study of body structures that can be visualized with x-rays

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12
Q

Four types of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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13
Q

Organizational levels of the human body

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

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14
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs

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15
Q

Percussion

A

Tapping on body surface with fingertips and listening to the resulting echo

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16
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

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17
Q

Anabolism

A

Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

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18
Q

3 components of a feedback system

A

Receptor, control center, effector

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19
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Information flows toward control center

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20
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Information flows away from control center

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21
Q

Disorder

A

Any abnormality of structure or function

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22
Q

Disease

A

Illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

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23
Q

Local disease

A

Affects one part or a limited region of the body

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24
Q

Systemic disease

A

Affects entire body or several parts

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25
Q

Symptom

A

Subjective changes not apparent to the observer such as headache, nausea, anxiety

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26
Q

Sign

A

Objective, observable changes

Physiological - fever, high blood pressure

Anatomical - swelling or rash

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27
Q

Prone position

A

Lying face down

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28
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

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29
Q

Cranial

A

Skull

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30
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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31
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

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32
Q

Antecubital

A

Front of elbow

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33
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

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34
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

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35
Q

Palmar/volar

A

Palm

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36
Q

Digital/phalangeal

A

Fingers or toes

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37
Q

Crural

A

Leg

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38
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

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39
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

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40
Q

Otic

A

Ear

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41
Q

Mental

A

Chin

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42
Q

Coxal

A

Hip

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43
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

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44
Q

Manual

A

Hand

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45
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

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46
Q

Dorsum

A

Top of foot or back of hand

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47
Q

Hallux

A

Great toe

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48
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

49
Q

Olecranal or cubital

A

Back of elbow

50
Q

Popliteal

A

Hollow behind knee

51
Q

Sural

A

Calf

52
Q

Lumbar

A

Loin

53
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

54
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

55
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

Divides into unequal left and right sides (para=near)

56
Q

Frontal or coronal plane

A

Divides into anterior and posterior portions

57
Q

Viscera

A

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

58
Q

Serous membrane

A

Double-layered membrane that covers the viscera and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen

59
Q

Axial region

A

Head, neck, trunk

60
Q

Appendicular region

A

Upper and lower limbs

61
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Cranial and spinal cavities

62
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavites

63
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex network of threads containing DNA

Forms into chromosomes

64
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell

65
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell

66
Q

Basal Lamina

A

Thin, supporting sheet at the inferior of the epithelium

67
Q

Apical

A

Free or open

68
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Flexible and strong

Most abundant protein in the body

Found in bone and cartilage

69
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Made of protein called elastin

Not as strong as collagen

Return to their natural shape and length after being stretched

Found in the skin, walls of blood vessels, and lung tissue

70
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Composed of collagen but are arranged differently than collagen fibers

Thin

Provides an excellent framework for soft organs such as glands and lymph nodes

71
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar

Adipose

Reticular

72
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

Most widely dispersed connective tissue

Found beneath epithelial tissues, in cavities, and between muscles

Binds organs together giving strength, elasticity, and support

73
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

Fat tissue found under the skin, around the kidneys and within abdomen and kidneys

Protection, insulation, support, and a place to store energy

74
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

Defends the body by filtering out microorganisms and other substances

75
Q

Types of dense connective tissue

A

Dense regular

Dense irregular

Elastic

76
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Tendons and ligaments

Provides tensile strength and flexibility for anchoring

77
Q

Tendon

A

Anchors muscles to bones

78
Q

Ligament

A

Anchors bones to bones

79
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Forms the dermis (inner skin layer) and outer layer of the kidney and spleen

Withstands stresses applied from any direction

80
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

Found in the walls of arteries

Provides strength with stretching

81
Q

Hyaline cartalige tissue

A

Most abundant cartilage

Found in the ends of long bones, the larynx, the nose, and between the sternum and the ribs

Provides support with flexibility

Absorbs shock in joints

82
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Found in the intervertebral discs, knees, between pubic bones

Provides protection and cushions body parts

83
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Found in the external ear and the epiglottis

Support and framework

84
Q

Fibrosis

A

Replacement of injured tissue by the formation of fibrous connective tissue – scar tissue

Very strong but it lacks flexibility and elasticity

Not able to carry out the normal functions of the tissue it has replaced

85
Q

Steps of tissue repair

A

Inflammation - stimulates immune system

Organization - restores blood supply, replaces damaged cells

Regeneration and fibrosis - repaired tissue remodels itself

86
Q

Visceral membrane

A

Covers organs

87
Q

Parietal membrane

A

Lines body cavity

88
Q

Tight junctions

A

Weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes

89
Q

Desmosomes

A

Have plaque and transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins) that extend into intercellular space and attach cells to each other

90
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat glands

91
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Sweat glands found primarily in the axillary and anogenital areas

Activated during puberty

Secretions same as eccrine plus proteins and fatty acids

92
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Modified apocrine glands found in the external ear canal secreting cerumen or ear wax

93
Q

First degree burns

A

Damage only to the epidermis

Symptoms include pain, swelling and redness

94
Q

Second degree burns

A

Damage to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis

Symptoms are the same as first degree burns but also include blistering

95
Q

Third degree burns

A

Damage to the entire thickness of skin - burned area appears gray, white, red or blackened. Initially there is little or no swelling and no pain

96
Q

Dermis

A

“True skin”

Beneath epidermis

Hair follicles and sweat glands

97
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous (below, not part of skin)

Areolar and adipose tissues

98
Q

Types of epidermal cells

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

99
Q

Keratinocytes

A

~90% of epidermal cells
4-5 layers
Produce keratin and lamellar granules

100
Q

Lamellar granules

A

Release water-repellant (lipid-rich) sealant to decrease water entry/loss and prevent entry of foreign material

101
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Also call epidermal dendritic cells
Participate in immune response against microbes by helping other cells recognize and destroy them
Easily damaged by UV

102
Q

Merkel cells

A

Least numerous
In deepest layer of epidermis
Contact with Merkel disc to detect touch sensation

103
Q

Merkel (tactile) disc

A

Flattened process of a nerve cell

104
Q

Four strata (layers) of epidermis

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Thin stratum corneum (thin skin)

105
Q

Thick stratum corneum (thick skin)

A

Fifth layer of skin
In areas like fingertips, palms, and soles where friction exposure is greatest

106
Q

Stratum basale

A

Single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

Scattered keratin intermediate filaments

Contains some stem cells

Melanocytes and Merkel cells are in this layer

107
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Superficial to stratum basale

8-10 layers of keratinocytes

Spinelike projections with keratin intermediate filaments which connect to desmosome - strenth and flexibility

Langerhans cells and melanocyte projections are in this layer

108
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

~middle of epidermis

3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes in apoptosis

Contain keratohyalin and lamellar granules

109
Q

Keratohyalin

A

Darkly staining protein granules

Converts keratin intermediate filaments into keratin

110
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only present in thick skin in areas like fingertips, palms, soles

4-6 layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes with large amounts of keratin and thick plasma membranes

111
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes

Contain mostly keratin, no nuclei or organelles

Cells overlap like scales, fit together like puzzle pieces

112
Q

Keratinization

A

Cells accumulate more keratin as they move through the epidermal layers

Takes 4-6 weeks in epidermis of average (0.1mm) thickness

113
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

Common embryonic origin

Vascular except cartilage

Extracellular matrix

114
Q

Papillary layer of dermis

A

Papillae (projections) extend into epidermis - form fingerprints and footprints

Blood vessels, nerve endings, sensory receptors

115
Q

Reticular layer of dermis

A

Strong part of dermis

Attached to hypodermis

116
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat glands

~3 million

Found in dermal regions

Apocrine and eccrine glands

117
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Sweat glands not associated with hair follicles

Function throughout lifetime

Especially numerous on forehead, upper lip, palms, soles

118
Q

Hair

A

Grows ~1mm/3days

Protection

Shaft, root, and medulla

119
Q

Nails

A

Epidermal cells that have been converted to keratin

Free edge, nail body (visible part), and nail root

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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