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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 11: The Special Senses > Flashcards

Module 11: The Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

First-order neurons

A

Sensory neurons that conduct impulses from the PNS into the CNS

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2
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Bare dendrites

Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch sensations

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3
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A

Dendrites enclosed in connective tissue capsule

Pressure, vibration, some touch sensations

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4
Q

Separate cells

A

Receptor cells synapse with first-order sensory neurons

Located in retina, inner ear, and taste buds

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5
Q

Meissner corpuscles (corpuscles of touch)

A

Capsule surrounds mass of dendrites in dermal papillae of hairless skin
Touch, pressure, slow vibrations
Rapid adaptation

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6
Q

Hair root plexuses

A

Free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles in skin
Touch
Rapid adaptation

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7
Q

Merkel (tactile) discs (type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor)

A

Saucer-shaped free nerve endings make contact with Merkel cells in epidermis
Touch and pressure
Slow adaptation

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8
Q

Ruffini corpuscles (type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor)

A

Elongated capsule surrounds dendrites deep in dermis and in ligaments and tendons
Stretching of skin
Slow adaptation

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9
Q

Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles

A

Oval, layered capsule surrounds dendrites
Present in dermis and subcutaneous layer, submucosal tissues, joints, periosteum, some viscera
Pressure and fast vibrations
Rapid adaptation

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10
Q

Itch and tickle receptors

A

Free nerve endings in skin and mucous membranes

Both slow and rapid adaptation

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11
Q

Warm receptors and cold receptors

A

Free nerve endings in skin and mucous membranes of mouth, vagina, anus
Initially rapid, then slow adaptation

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12
Q

Nociceptors

A

Free nerve endings in every body tissue except brain
Pain
Slow adaptation

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13
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sensory nerve endings wrap around central area of encapsulated intrafusal muscle fibers within most skeletal muscles
Muscle length
Slow adaptation

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14
Q

Tendon organs

A

Capsule encloses collagen fibers and sensory nerve endings at junction of tendon and muscle
Muscle tension
Slow adaptation

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15
Q

Joint kinesthetic receptors

A

Pacinian corpuscles, Raffini corpuscles, tendon organs, and free nerve endings
Joint position and movement
Rapid adaptation

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16
Q

Taste buds consist of:

A

Supporting cells
Gustatory receptor cells
Basal cells

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17
Q

Two nerves that carry impulses from taste buds on the tongue

A

Cranial nerve VII – facial nerve

Cranial nerve IX – glossopharyngeal nerve

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18
Q

Nerve that carries impulses from taste buds in the epiglottis and the lower pharynx

A

Cranial nerve X – vagus nerve

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19
Q

Taste impulse travel pathway

A

Cranial nerve VII, IX and X -> medulla oblongata -> thalamus -> gustatory cortex in the insula of the brain for
interpretation

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20
Q

Lobe that interprets olfactory information

A

Temporal lobe

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21
Q

Orbicularis oculi muscle and corrugators muscle

A

Under the eyebrow

Reflex responses

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22
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

Consists of the lacrimal gland and tear ducts

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23
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Size and shape of an almond
Secretes lacrimal fluid (tears), which flows across the surface of the eye toward the nose
Tears drain through small openings called lacrimal puncta into the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct
Nasolacrimal ducts eventually empty into the nasal cavity

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24
Q

Lacrimal fluid

A

Tears moisten, lubricate, and cleanse the surface of the eye

Contain lysozyme to destroy bacteria and prevent infection

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25
Extrinsic eye muscles
Muscles within the orbit to anchor the eye in place
26
Superior rectus
Rolls the eye upward
27
Inferior rectus
Rolls the eye downward
28
Lateral rectus
Turns the eye outward
29
Medial rectus
Turns the eye inward
30
Superior oblique
Rotates the eye medially
31
Inferior oblique
Rotates the eye laterally
32
Three layers of the eye
Fibrous layer Vascular layer Inner (nervous) layer
33
Fibrous layer of the eye
Outermost layer | Consists of the sclera and the cornea
34
Cornea
The “window of the eye” Transparent Helps focus light rays entering the eye
35
Vascular layer of the eye
Middle, thin layer | Consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris
36
Choroid
Highly vascular, brown pigmented layer located between the sclera and the retina in the posterior portion of the eye Pigment absorbs excess light rays that might interfere with vision
37
Ciliary body
Ciliary processes within the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor Ciliary muscles change the shape of the lens
38
Inner (nervous) layer of the eye
Also called the retina Found only in the posterior portion of the eye Light-sensitive layer consisting of sensory receptive cells called rods and cones
39
Rods
120 million in each retina Function in dim light Do not detect fine detail or color Detect motion
40
Cones
6.5 million in each retina Function in bright light Detect fine detail Responsible for color vision
41
Aqueous humor
Located in front of the lens in the anterior chamber (cavity) Continually produced by the ciliary body Also drains continually through the canals of Schlemm Maintains intraocular pressure, thus helping the anterior portion of the eye hold its spherical shape Provides nourishment for the cornea
42
Vitreous humour
Located behind the lens in the posterior chamber (cavity) Formed during the embryonic stage and lasts a lifetime Supports the eyeball Pushes the retina against the choroid layer, ensuring that the retina receives a good supply of blood
43
Light pathway
Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humour, retina, neurons, optic disk, optic nerve, optic chiasma, occipital lobe
44
Hyperopia
Farsightedness (the inability to focus on nearby objects) Light rays focus behind the retina Usually caused by an eyeball that is too short
45
Myopia
Nearsightedness (inability to focus on distant objects) Light rays focus in front of the retina Usually caused by an eyeball that is too long
46
Glaucoma
Caused by intraocular pressure when the drainage of aqueous humor has been blocked The damage may eventually lead to blindness
47
Outer ear
Pinna (auricle) and auditory canal Secretes cerumen (earwax), which is produced by the ceruminous glands (modified sweat glands) Cerumen guards the ear against the entrance of foreign materials
48
Pinna
Cartilaginous flap | Leads into the external auditory canal and ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
49
Auditory canal
Filled with air and lined with fine hairs
50
Middle ear
Small air-filled chamber that contains the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and the phyaryngotympanic tube (formerly called Eustachian tube)
51
Tympanic membrane
Composed of connective tissue, nerve tissue, and blood vessels Separates the outer ear from the middle ear
52
Ossicles
Three small bones called the malleus, incus, and stapes
53
Malleus
Hammer
54
Incus
Anvil
55
Stapes
Stirrup
56
Pharyngotympanic tube
Auditory tube Connects the middle ear to the pharynx (throat) Equalizes the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane by permitting air to pass (by swallowing or yawning) from the throat into the middle ear
57
Inner ear
Also called the labyrinth Intricate system of passageways hollowed out of the temporal bone Bony labyrinth, which contains a fluid called perilymph Membranous labyrinth, which contains a fluid called endolymph
58
Cochlea
Hearing Shaped like a snail Contains the receptors (“hair” cells that look like cilia) for hearing in the organ of Corti, which transmit sound waves to the brain for interpretation via the auditory nerve
59
Vestibule
Means cavity or space Between the semicircular canals and the cochlea Balance (equilibrium) Contains the utricle and saccule
60
Utricle and saccule
Membranous sacs that contain hair cells that are moved by gravity as the position of the head changes Monitors static equilibrium Responds to linear or vertical acceleration
61
Semicircular canals
Consist of three oval-shaped canals that contain receptors that detect motion Balance (equilibrium) Contain hair cells (receptors) Monitors dynamic equilibrium Responds to rotation or angular movements

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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