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anatomy & physiology > Module 7: The Skeleton and Joints > Flashcards

Module 7: The Skeleton and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Facial bones

A 
2 nasal - nose
2 maxillae - upper lip
1 mandible - jaw
2 zygomatic - cheek bones 
2 lacrimal
2 palatine
2 inferior nasal conchae
1 vomer
= 14 total
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2
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Only bone that does not joint (articulate) with another

Provides movable base for tongue

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3
Q

Ear bones

A

2 malleus - hammer
2 incus - anvil
2 stapes - stirrup

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4
Q

Surface markings

A

Structural features of bone adapted for certain functions
Usually not present at birth, most prominent in adults
Develop on response to certain forces

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5
Q

Types of surface markings

A

Depressions and openings

Processes

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6
Q

Depressions and openings

A

Type of surface marking that allows passage of soft tissues or forms joints

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7
Q

Processes

A

Projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment point for connective tissue

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8
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass

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9
Q

Foramen

A

Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass

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10
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow depression

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11
Q

Sulcus

A

Furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve, or tendon

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12
Q

Meatus

A

Tubelike opening

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13
Q

Cranial bones

A 
1 frontal - forehead
2 parietal - top and sides of skull 
2 temporal - temple region
1 occipital - rear of the skull 
1 sphenoid
1 ethmoid
= 8 total
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13
Q

Types of depressions and openings

A 
Fissure
Foramen
Fossa
Sulcus
Meatus
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14
Q

Types of processes that form joints

A

Condyle
Facet
Head

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15
Q

Condyle

A

Large round protuberance with a smooth articulate surface at end of bone

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16
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface

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17
Q

Head

A

Usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone

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18
Q

Processes that form attachment points for connective tissue

A 
Crest
Epicondyle
Line
Spinous process
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberosity
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19
Q

Crest

A

Prominent ridge or elongated projection

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21
Q

Epicondyle

A

Typically roughened projection above condyle

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22
Q

Line

A

Long narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest)

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23
Q

Spinous process

A

Sharp slender projection

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24
Q

Trochanter

A

Very large projection

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25
Q

Tubercle

A

Variably sized rounded projection

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26
Q

Tuberosity

A

Variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface

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27
Q

Metopic suture

A

Unites left and right sides of frontal bone after birth

Disappears around age 6-8

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28
Q

Coronal suture

A

Between frontal and parietal bones

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29
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Between parietal bones

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30
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

Between parietal and occipital bones

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31
Q

Squamous suture

A

Between temporal and parietal bone

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32
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

At middle part of base of skull
Articulates with all other cranial bones
Resembles a butterfly

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33
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

In anterior part of cranial floor
Medial to the orbits
Sponge-like appearance
Anterior to sphenoid and posterior to nasal bones

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34
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

Form part of inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity

Project into nasal cavity

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35
Q

Vomer

A

Triangular
In floor of nasal cavity
Forms inferior portion of bony nasal septum

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36
Q

Maxillae

A

Paired, form upper jawbone

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37
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

Cheekbones

38
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jawbone

39
Q

7 bones of the orbit

A

3 cranial - frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

4 facial - palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, maxilla

40
Q

Foramina

A

Openings for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

41
Q

Fontanels

A

Mesenchyme-filled spaces between cranial bones
Present at birth
Eventually replaced with bone
“Soft spots”

42
Q

Vertebrae in adults

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
= 26 total

43
Q

Sacrum

A

Consists of 5 fused sacral bones

44
Q

Coccyx

A

Consists of 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae

45
Q

Annulus fibrosis

A

Outer fibrous ring of fibrocartilage of intervertebral discs

46
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

Inner, soft, pulpy, elastic substance of intervertebral discs

47
Q

Osteophytes

A

Bony growths around intervertebral discs

48
Q

Parts of sternum

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

49
Q

Bones of pectoral girdle

A

Clavicle

Scapula

50
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A

Scapula and clavicle

51
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

Scapula and humerus

52
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Hip bones

53
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Anterior joint between hips

54
Q

Sacroiliac joints

A

Join sacrum to hip

55
Q

Bones in hip

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

56
Q

Criteria for joint classification

A

Presence or absence of space (synovial cavity)

Type of connective tissue in the joint

57
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers
No synovial cavity
Mostly immovable

58
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Interosseous membranes

59
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Bones are joined by cartilage tissue

No synovial cavity

60
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses

Symphyses - ex. fibrocartilage in pubic symphysis between anterior pelvic bones

61
Q

Synovial joints

A

Bones are separated by a fluid-containing cavity

Most joints in the body

62
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable joint
Held together by dense fibrous connective tissue
Ex: suture joints in skull

63
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable joint
Separated by cartilage
Sample location: pubic symphysis, vertebrae

64
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely movable joint (capable of a wide range of movements)
Also called synovial joints
Sample location: shoulder joint

65
Q

Synostosis

A

Bony joint
Complete fusion of two bones into one
Classified as synarthrosis since it is immovable

66
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Greater distance between articulating surfaces
More dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture
Connective tissue arranged in bundle (ligament)
ex. distal ends to tibia and fibula

67
Q

Gomphoses

A

Example of syndesmosis

Only where tooth fits into socket via a ligament

68
Q

Interosseous membranes

A

Sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighbouring long bones and permits slight movement
Between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula

69
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Cartilaginous joint with hyaline cartilage
Ex. epiphyseal plate in growing bone
Immovable
When bone replaces the cartilage, becomes synostosis

70
Q

Symphysis

A

Cartilaginous joint where ends of bone are covered with hyaline, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
All symphyses are on the midline of the body

71
Q

Structures of synovial joints

A

Articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid

72
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Surface of each end of the joining bones is covered with smooth articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
Reduces friction and helps absorb shock

73
Q

Joint capsule

A

Made of fibrous connective tissue

Encloses the joint in a strong sleeve-like covering

74
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Line inner surfaces of the joint cavity

Secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity

75
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Lubricant to help reduce friction

76
Q

Flexion

A

Bending of a joint that decreases the angle between the bones
Example: bending your knee

77
Q

Extension

A

Straightening of a joint so that the angle between the bones increases
Example: straightening your knee

78
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Pointing your toe

79
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Lifting your foot up towards your leg

80
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body

Ex. lifting your arm sideways, away from your body

81
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline of the body

Ex. return your arm towards your body

82
Q

Inversion

A

Turning the sole of your foot inward so that it faces the opposite foot

83
Q

Eversion

A

Turning the sole of your foot outward, away from your body

84
Q

Supination

A

Turning your hand so that the palm faces upward

85
Q

Pronation

A

Turning your hand so that the palm faces downward

86
Q

Circumduction

A

Combination of movements

Ex. the circular arm movement that a softball pitcher makes

87
Q

Plane joint

A

Flat or slightly curved

Wrist bones, ankle bones

88
Q

Hinge joint

A

Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
Elbows, interphalangeal joints

89
Q

Pivot joints

A

Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
Proximal radioulnar joints (where the radius and ulna meet at the elbow)

90
Q

Condyloid joints

A 
Convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into oval-shaped depression of another
Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles - where the hand bones and finger bones meet)
91
Q

Saddle joints

A

Bones fit together like a rider on a saddle

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (where the thumb meets the wrist)

anatomy & physiology (15 decks)

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