Module 7: The Skeleton and Joints Flashcards
1
Q
Facial bones
A
2 nasal - nose 2 maxillae - upper lip 1 mandible - jaw 2 zygomatic - cheek bones 2 lacrimal 2 palatine 2 inferior nasal conchae 1 vomer = 14 total
2
Q
Hyoid bone
A
Only bone that does not joint (articulate) with another
Provides movable base for tongue
3
Q
Ear bones
A
2 malleus - hammer
2 incus - anvil
2 stapes - stirrup
4
Q
Surface markings
A
Structural features of bone adapted for certain functions
Usually not present at birth, most prominent in adults
Develop on response to certain forces
5
Q
Types of surface markings
A
Depressions and openings
Processes
6
Q
Depressions and openings
A
Type of surface marking that allows passage of soft tissues or forms joints
7
Q
Processes
A
Projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment point for connective tissue
8
Q
Fissure
A
Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass
9
Q
Foramen
A
Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass
10
Q
Fossa
A
Shallow depression
11
Q
Sulcus
A
Furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve, or tendon
12
Q
Meatus
A
Tubelike opening
13
Q
Cranial bones
A
1 frontal - forehead 2 parietal - top and sides of skull 2 temporal - temple region 1 occipital - rear of the skull 1 sphenoid 1 ethmoid = 8 total
13
Q
Types of depressions and openings
A
Fissure Foramen Fossa Sulcus Meatus
14
Q
Types of processes that form joints
A
Condyle
Facet
Head
15
Q
Condyle
A
Large round protuberance with a smooth articulate surface at end of bone
16
Q
Facet
A
Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface
17
Q
Head
A
Usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone
18
Q
Processes that form attachment points for connective tissue
A
Crest Epicondyle Line Spinous process Trochanter Tubercle Tuberosity
19
Q
Crest
A
Prominent ridge or elongated projection
21
Q
Epicondyle
A
Typically roughened projection above condyle
22
Q
Line
A
Long narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest)
23
Q
Spinous process
A
Sharp slender projection
24
Q
Trochanter
A
Very large projection
25
Tubercle
Variably sized rounded projection
26
Tuberosity
Variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface
27
Metopic suture
Unites left and right sides of frontal bone after birth
| Disappears around age 6-8
28
Coronal suture
Between frontal and parietal bones
29
Sagittal suture
Between parietal bones
30
Lambdoid suture
Between parietal and occipital bones
31
Squamous suture
Between temporal and parietal bone
32
Sphenoid bone
At middle part of base of skull
Articulates with all other cranial bones
Resembles a butterfly
33
Ethmoid bone
In anterior part of cranial floor
Medial to the orbits
Sponge-like appearance
Anterior to sphenoid and posterior to nasal bones
34
Inferior nasal conchae
Form part of inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity
| Project into nasal cavity
35
Vomer
Triangular
In floor of nasal cavity
Forms inferior portion of bony nasal septum
36
Maxillae
Paired, form upper jawbone
37
Zygomatic bones
Cheekbones
38
Mandible
Lower jawbone
39
7 bones of the orbit
3 cranial - frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid
| 4 facial - palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, maxilla
40
Foramina
Openings for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
41
Fontanels
Mesenchyme-filled spaces between cranial bones
Present at birth
Eventually replaced with bone
"Soft spots"
42
Vertebrae in adults
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
= 26 total
43
Sacrum
Consists of 5 fused sacral bones
44
Coccyx
Consists of 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
45
Annulus fibrosis
Outer fibrous ring of fibrocartilage of intervertebral discs
46
Nucleus pulposus
Inner, soft, pulpy, elastic substance of intervertebral discs
47
Osteophytes
Bony growths around intervertebral discs
48
Parts of sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
49
Bones of pectoral girdle
Clavicle
| Scapula
50
Acromioclavicular joint
Scapula and clavicle
51
Glenohumeral joint
Scapula and humerus
52
Pelvic girdle
Hip bones
53
Pubic symphysis
Anterior joint between hips
54
Sacroiliac joints
Join sacrum to hip
55
Bones in hip
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
56
Criteria for joint classification
Presence or absence of space (synovial cavity)
| Type of connective tissue in the joint
57
Fibrous joints
Dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers
No synovial cavity
Mostly immovable
58
Types of fibrous joints
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Interosseous membranes
59
Cartilaginous joints
Bones are joined by cartilage tissue
| No synovial cavity
60
Types of cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses
| Symphyses - ex. fibrocartilage in pubic symphysis between anterior pelvic bones
61
Synovial joints
Bones are separated by a fluid-containing cavity
| Most joints in the body
62
Synarthrosis
Immovable joint
Held together by dense fibrous connective tissue
Ex: suture joints in skull
63
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable joint
Separated by cartilage
Sample location: pubic symphysis, vertebrae
64
Diarthrosis
Freely movable joint (capable of a wide range of movements)
Also called synovial joints
Sample location: shoulder joint
65
Synostosis
Bony joint
Complete fusion of two bones into one
Classified as synarthrosis since it is immovable
66
Syndesmosis
Greater distance between articulating surfaces
More dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture
Connective tissue arranged in bundle (ligament)
ex. distal ends to tibia and fibula
67
Gomphoses
Example of syndesmosis
| Only where tooth fits into socket via a ligament
68
Interosseous membranes
Sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighbouring long bones and permits slight movement
Between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula
69
Synchondrosis
Cartilaginous joint with hyaline cartilage
Ex. epiphyseal plate in growing bone
Immovable
When bone replaces the cartilage, becomes synostosis
70
Symphysis
Cartilaginous joint where ends of bone are covered with hyaline, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
All symphyses are on the midline of the body
71
Structures of synovial joints
Articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
72
Articular cartilage
Surface of each end of the joining bones is covered with smooth articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
Reduces friction and helps absorb shock
73
Joint capsule
Made of fibrous connective tissue
| Encloses the joint in a strong sleeve-like covering
74
Synovial membrane
Line inner surfaces of the joint cavity
| Secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity
75
Synovial fluid
Lubricant to help reduce friction
76
Flexion
Bending of a joint that decreases the angle between the bones
Example: bending your knee
77
Extension
Straightening of a joint so that the angle between the bones increases
Example: straightening your knee
78
Plantar flexion
Pointing your toe
79
Dorsiflexion
Lifting your foot up towards your leg
80
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
| Ex. lifting your arm sideways, away from your body
81
Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body
| Ex. return your arm towards your body
82
Inversion
Turning the sole of your foot inward so that it faces the opposite foot
83
Eversion
Turning the sole of your foot outward, away from your body
84
Supination
Turning your hand so that the palm faces upward
85
Pronation
Turning your hand so that the palm faces downward
86
Circumduction
Combination of movements
| Ex. the circular arm movement that a softball pitcher makes
87
Plane joint
Flat or slightly curved
| Wrist bones, ankle bones
88
Hinge joint
Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
Elbows, interphalangeal joints
89
Pivot joints
Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
Proximal radioulnar joints (where the radius and ulna meet at the elbow)
90
Condyloid joints
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Convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into oval-shaped depression of another
Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles - where the hand bones and finger bones meet)
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91
Saddle joints
Bones fit together like a rider on a saddle
| Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (where the thumb meets the wrist)
