Module 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissue Flashcards by Nicole P

Red bone marrow

Hematopoesis (blood cell production)

Consists of developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, reticular fibres

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Yellow bone marrow

Triglyceride storage in adipose cells

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Parts of long bone

Diaphysis
Epiphyses
Metaphyses
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Endosteum

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Diaphysis

Main shaft/body of long bone

Mostly compact bone

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Epiphyses

Proximal and distal ends of long bone

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Metaphyses

Between diaphysis and epiphysis

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Epiphyseal plate

Growth plate in metaphysics of growing bone

Layer of hyaline cartilage that allows diaphysis to grow in length

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Epiphyseal line

Cartilage in epiphyseal plate replaced by bone when growth completes

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Articular cartilage

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone
Reduces friction and absorbs shock

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Periosteum

Tough connective tissue sheath and associated blood supply
Surrounds bone surface not covered by articular cartilage
Protects, assists in repair and nourishment, attachment for ligaments and tendons

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Outer fibrous layer of periosteum

Dense connective tissue

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Inner osteogenic layer of periosteum

Consists of cells - some enable growth in thickness but not length

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Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

Thick collagen bundles attaching periosteum to bone matrix

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Endosteum

Thin membrane that lines medullary cavity
Single layer of bone-forming cells
Small amount of connective tissue

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Four types of bone tissue cells

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

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Osteogenic cells

Unspecialized bone stem cells

Only bone cells that undergo cell division

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Osteoblasts

Bone building cells
Synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other ECM components
Initiate calcification
-blast = build

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Osteocytes

Mature bone cells embedded in matrix
Main cells in bone tissue
Maintain daily metabolism

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Osteoclasts

Huge cells derived from fusion or monocytes
Concentrated in endosteum
Resorption (breakdown of bone ECM)
Release stored minerals into body tissue
-clast = carve

Osteon (Haversian system)

Microscopic unit of compact bone

Central canal (Haversian canal)

Contains blood vessels and nerve cells

Lamellae

Form circular rings of matrix

Osteocytes located in lacunae between rings

Lacunae

“Little lakes”

Between thin sheets of calcified matrix

Canaliculi

Interconnecting channels

Join lacunae with each other and with nearby blood vessels

Volkmann’s canals

Also called perforating canals | Connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the central canals and medullary cavity

Trabeculae

"Little beams" Make the spongy bone look like “Swiss cheese.” Decrease the weight of the bone and provide the spaces where red bone marrow is found

Interstitial lamellae

Between osteons | Fragments of older osteons

Wolff's Law

Bone will grow or remodel in response to stress, muscle activity, fracture repair, excess weight, etc

Endochondrial ossification

Osteoblasts replace hyaline cartilage with bone tissue

Steps of endochondrial ossification

Development of cartilage model Growth of cartilage model Development of primary ossification centre Development of medullary cavity Development of secondary ossification centres Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Incomplete fracture

Greenstick fracture Break almost extends across entire section of bone, but it still has pieces of the bone partially joined together and bent Only in children whose bones are not fully ossified

Open (compound) fracture

Broken end of the bone protrudes through the skin | Risk of infection

Closed (simple) fracture

Broken bone does not extend through the skin | Less chance of bacterial invasion

Transverse fracture

Bone is broken at right angles to the long axis of the bone

Comminuted fracture

Bone is crushed into small pieces

Oblique fracture

Bone is broken on a slant

Impacted fracture

One end of fractured bone forcefully driven into interior end of the other

Stress fracture

Series of microscopic fissures without evidence of injury to other tissues Results from repeated, strenuous activities or osteoporosis

Pott fracture

Fracture of distal end of lateral leg bone (fibula)

Colles' fracture

Fracture of distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which distal fragment is displaced posteriorly

Closed reduction

Physical manipulation of fracture without surgery

Open reduction

Surgery to realign fractured bone fragments

Steps of fracture repair

Formation of fracture hematoma Fibrocartilaginous callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodelling

Hyaline cartilage

Most abundant skeletal cartilage | Provides support with flexibility and resistance

Complete fracture

Break extends across entire section of bone

Intramembranous ossification

Osteoblasts replace thin connective tissue membrane with bone tissue Flat, skull bones, facial bones, mandible (lower jawbone) and medial part of clavicle

Steps of intramembranous ossification

Development of ossification centre (osteoblasts secrete ECM) Calcification Trabeculae formation Periosteum development