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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Module 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Hematopoesis (blood cell production)

Consists of developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, reticular fibres

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2
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Triglyceride storage in adipose cells

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3
Q

Parts of long bone

A 
Diaphysis
Epiphyses
Metaphyses
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
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4
Q

Diaphysis

A

Main shaft/body of long bone

Mostly compact bone

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5
Q

Epiphyses

A

Proximal and distal ends of long bone

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6
Q

Metaphyses

A

Between diaphysis and epiphysis

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7
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate in metaphysics of growing bone

Layer of hyaline cartilage that allows diaphysis to grow in length

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8
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Cartilage in epiphyseal plate replaced by bone when growth completes

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9
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone
Reduces friction and absorbs shock

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10
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough connective tissue sheath and associated blood supply
Surrounds bone surface not covered by articular cartilage
Protects, assists in repair and nourishment, attachment for ligaments and tendons

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11
Q

Outer fibrous layer of periosteum

A

Dense connective tissue

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12
Q

Inner osteogenic layer of periosteum

A

Consists of cells - some enable growth in thickness but not length

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13
Q

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

A

Thick collagen bundles attaching periosteum to bone matrix

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14
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane that lines medullary cavity
Single layer of bone-forming cells
Small amount of connective tissue

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15
Q

Four types of bone tissue cells

A

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

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16
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Unspecialized bone stem cells

Only bone cells that undergo cell division

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17
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells
Synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other ECM components
Initiate calcification
-blast = build

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18
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells embedded in matrix
Main cells in bone tissue
Maintain daily metabolism

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19
Q

Osteoclasts

A 
Huge cells derived from fusion or monocytes
Concentrated in endosteum
Resorption (breakdown of bone ECM)
Release stored minerals into body tissue
-clast = carve
20
Q

Osteon (Haversian system)

A

Microscopic unit of compact bone

21
Q

Central canal (Haversian canal)

A

Contains blood vessels and nerve cells

22
Q

Lamellae

A

Form circular rings of matrix

Osteocytes located in lacunae between rings

23
Q

Lacunae

A

“Little lakes”

Between thin sheets of calcified matrix

24
Q

Canaliculi

A

Interconnecting channels

Join lacunae with each other and with nearby blood vessels

25
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A

Also called perforating canals

Connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the central canals and medullary cavity

26
Q

Trabeculae

A

“Little beams”
Make the spongy bone look like “Swiss cheese.”
Decrease the weight of the bone and provide the spaces where red bone marrow is found

27
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Between osteons

Fragments of older osteons

28
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bone will grow or remodel in response to stress, muscle activity, fracture repair, excess weight, etc

29
Q

Endochondrial ossification

A

Osteoblasts replace hyaline cartilage with bone tissue

30
Q

Steps of endochondrial ossification

A

Development of cartilage model
Growth of cartilage model
Development of primary ossification centre
Development of medullary cavity
Development of secondary ossification centres
Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

31
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

Greenstick fracture
Break almost extends across entire section of bone, but it still has pieces of the bone partially joined together and bent
Only in children whose bones are not fully ossified

32
Q

Open (compound) fracture

A

Broken end of the bone protrudes through the skin

Risk of infection

33
Q

Closed (simple) fracture

A

Broken bone does not extend through the skin

Less chance of bacterial invasion

34
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Bone is broken at right angles to the long axis of the bone

35
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone is crushed into small pieces

36
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Bone is broken on a slant

37
Q

Impacted fracture

A

One end of fractured bone forcefully driven into interior end of the other

38
Q

Stress fracture

A

Series of microscopic fissures without evidence of injury to other tissues
Results from repeated, strenuous activities or osteoporosis

39
Q

Pott fracture

A

Fracture of distal end of lateral leg bone (fibula)

40
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

Fracture of distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which distal fragment is displaced posteriorly

41
Q

Closed reduction

A

Physical manipulation of fracture without surgery

42
Q

Open reduction

A

Surgery to realign fractured bone fragments

43
Q

Steps of fracture repair

A

Formation of fracture hematoma
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodelling

44
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most abundant skeletal cartilage

Provides support with flexibility and resistance

45
Q

Complete fracture

A

Break extends across entire section of bone

46
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Osteoblasts replace thin connective tissue membrane with bone tissue
Flat, skull bones, facial bones, mandible (lower jawbone) and medial part of clavicle

47
Q

Steps of intramembranous ossification

A

Development of ossification centre (osteoblasts secrete ECM)
Calcification
Trabeculae formation
Periosteum development

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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