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Paramedic > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hazardous material

A

substances that cause adverse health effects upon human exposure.

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2
Q

Index of suspicion

A

anticipation of possible injuries based on analysis of the event.

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3
Q

Mechanism of injury

A

combined strength, direction, and nature of forces that injured the patient.

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4
Q

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

A

equipment designed to protect against infection. The minimum recommended PPE includes protective gloves, masks and protective eyewear, HEPA and N-95 respirators, gowns, and disposable resuscitation equipment.

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5
Q

Scene safety

A

doing everything possible to ensure a safe environment.

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6
Q

Standard Precautions

A

a strict form of infection control based on the assumption that all blood and other body fluids are infectious.

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7
Q

Circulation Assessment

A

evaluation of the pulse and skin and control of hemorrhage.

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8
Q

Decerebrate

A

arms and legs extended.

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9
Q

Decorticate

A

arms flexed, legs extended.

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10
Q

General impression

A

the initial, intuitive evaluation of the patient.

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11
Q

Primary assessment

A

prehospital process designed to identify and correct life-threatening airway, breathing, and circulation problems.

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12
Q

Closed questions

A

questions that ask for specific information and require only very short or yes-or-no answers; also called direct questions.

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13
Q

Closed stance

A

a posture or body position that is tense and suggests negativity, discomfort, fear, disgust, or anger.

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14
Q

Communication

A

the exchange of common symbols–written, spoken, or other kinds, such as signing and body language.

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15
Q

Cultural imposition

A

the imposition of one’s beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior on people of another culture.

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16
Q

Decode

A

interpret a message.

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17
Q

Delirium

A

an acute alteration in mental functioning that is often reversible.

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18
Q

Dementia

A

a deterioration of mental status that is usually associated with structural neurologic disease.

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19
Q

Depression

A

a mood disorder characterized by hopelessness and malaise.

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20
Q

Empathy

A

identification with and understanding of another’s situation, feelings, and motives.

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21
Q

Encode

A

create a message.

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22
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

viewing one’s own way of life as the most desirable, acceptable, or best, and acting in a superior manner to another culture’s way of life.

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23
Q

Feedback

A

a response to a message.

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24
Q

Leading questions

A

questions framed to guide the direction of a patient’s answers.

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25
Q

Nonverbal questions

A

gestures, mannerisms, and postures by which a person communicates with others; sometimes called body language.

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26
Q

Open stance

A

a posture or body position that is relaxed and suggests confidence, ease, warmth, and attentiveness.

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27
Q

Open ended questions

A

questions that permit unguided, spontaneous answers.

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28
Q

Chief Complaint

A

the pain, discomfort, or dysfunction that caused the patient to request help.

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29
Q

Differential field diagnosis

A

the list of possible causes for the patient’s symptoms.

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30
Q

Diuretic

A

a medication that stimulates the kidneys to excrete water.

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31
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

difficult or painful menstruation.

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32
Q

Dyspnea

A

the sensation of having difficulty breathing.

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33
Q

HEENT

A

head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat.

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34
Q

Hematemisis

A

vomiting of blood.

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35
Q

Hematuria

A

blood in the urine.

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36
Q

Hemoptysis

A

coughing up of blood.

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37
Q

Intermittent claudication

A

intermittent calf pain while walking that subsides with rest.

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38
Q

Nocturia

A

excessive urination at night.

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39
Q

Orthopnea

A

difficulty breathing while lying supine.

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40
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

sudden onset of shortness of breath at night.

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41
Q

Polyuria

A

excessive urination.

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42
Q

Primary problem

A

the underlying cause for the patient’s symptoms.

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43
Q

Referred pain

A

pain that is felt in a location away from its source.

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44
Q

Tenderness

A

pain that is elicited through palpation.

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45
Q

Tinnitus

A

the sensation of ringing in the ears.

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46
Q

Afterload

A

resistance in the blood vessels that the heart must overcome to eject blood.

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47
Q

Aphasia

A

defective language caused by neurologic damage to the brain.

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48
Q

Ascites

A

bulges in the flanks and across the abdomen, indicating edema caused by congestive heart failure.

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49
Q

Auscultation

A

listening with a stethoscope for sounds produced by the body.

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50
Q

Babinski’s response

A

big toe dorsiflexes and the other toes fan out when the sole is stimulated.

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51
Q

Blood pressure

A

force of blood against arteries’ walls as the heart contracts and relaxes.

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52
Q

Borborgymi

A

loud, prolonged, gurgling bowel sounds indicating hyperperistalsis.

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53
Q

Bradycardia

A

pulse rate lower than 60.

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54
Q

Bronchophony

A

abnormal clarity of the patient’s transmitted voice sounds.

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55
Q

Broselow tape

A

a measuring tape for infants that provides important information regarding airway equipment and medication doses based on the patient’s length.

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56
Q

Bruit

A

sound of turbulent blood flow around a partial obstruction.

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57
Q

Cardiac output

A

the amount of blood the heart ejects each minute, measured in milliliters.

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58
Q

Crackles

A

light crackling, popping, nonmusical sounds heard usually during inspiration; also called rales.

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59
Q

Crepitus

A

crunching sounds of unlubricated parts in joints rubbing against each other.

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60
Q

Cullen’s sign

A

discoloration around the umbilicus (occasionally the flanks) suggestive of intraabdominal hemorrhage.

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61
Q

Diastole

A

phase of cardiac cycle when ventricles relax.

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62
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

force of blood against arteries when ventricles relax.

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63
Q

Dysarthria

A

defective speech caused by motor deficits.

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64
Q

Dysphonia

A

voice changes caused by vocal cord problems.

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65
Q

Edema

A

presence of an abnormal amount of fluid in the tissues.

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66
Q

Egophony

A

abnormal change in tone of the patient’s transmitted voice sounds.

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67
Q

Grey Turner’s sign

A

discoloration over the flanks suggesting intraabdominal bleeding.

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68
Q

Hypertension

A

blood pressure higher than normal.

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69
Q

Hyperthermia

A

increase in the body’s core temperature.

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70
Q

Hypotension

A

blood pressure lower than normal.

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71
Q

Hypothermia

A

decrease in the body’s core temperature.

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72
Q

Inspection

A

the process of informed observation.

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73
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

sounds of blood hitting arterial walls.

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74
Q

Ophthalmoscope

A

handheld device used to examine the interior of the eye.

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75
Q

Otoscope

A

handheld device used to examine the interior of the ears and nose.

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76
Q

Palpation

A

using one’s sense of touch to gather information.

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77
Q

Percussion

A

the production of sound waves by striking one object against another.

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78
Q

Perfusion

A

passage of blood through an organ or tissue.

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79
Q

Pleural friction rub

A

the squeaking or grating sound of the pleural linings rubbing together.

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80
Q

Preload

A

amount of blood returned to the heart from the body; also known as end-diastolic pressure.

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81
Q

Priapism

A

a painful and prolonged erection of the penis.

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82
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.

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83
Q

Pulse quality

A

strength of the pulse, which can be weak, thready, strong, or bounding.

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84
Q

Pulse rate

A

number of pulses felt in 1 minute.

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85
Q

Pulse rhythm

A

pattern and equality of intervals between beats.

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86
Q

Quality of respiration

A

depth and pattern of breathing.

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87
Q

Respiration

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and at the cellular level.

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88
Q

Respiratory effort

A

how hard the patient works to breathe.

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89
Q

Respiratory rate

A

number of times the patient breathes in 1 minute.

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90
Q

Rhonchi

A

continuous sounds with a lower pitch and a snoring quality.

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91
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

blood pressure measuring device comprising a bulb, a cuff, and a manometer.

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92
Q

Stethoscope

A

tool used to auscultate most sounds.

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93
Q

Stridor

A

predominantly inspiratory wheeze associated with laryngeal obstruction.

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94
Q

Stroke volume

A

the amount of blood the heart ejects in one beat.

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95
Q

Systole

A

phase of cardiac cycle when ventricles contract.

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96
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

force of blood against arteries when ventricles contract.

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97
Q

Tachycardia

A

pulse rate higher than 100.

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98
Q

Tachypnea

A

rapid breathing.

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99
Q

Thrill

A

vibration or humming felt when palpating the pulse.

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100
Q

Tidal volume

A

amount of air one breath moves in and out of the lungs.

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101
Q

Visual acuity wall chart/card

A

wall chart or handheld card with lines of letters, used to test vision.

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102
Q

Vital statistics

A

weight and height.

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103
Q

Wheezes

A

continuous, high-pitched musical sounds similar to a whistle.

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104
Q

Whispered pectoriloquy

A

abnormal clarity of the patient’s transmitted whispers.

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105
Q

Abdomino-

A

Belly or abdominal wall

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106
Q

Acou-

A

To hear

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107
Q

Acq-

A

Water

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108
Q

Acro-

A

Extreme ends of parts

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109
Q

Aden-

A

A gland

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110
Q

Adip-

A

Soft fat of animals

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111
Q

Alb-

A

White

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112
Q

Alg-

A

Pain

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113
Q

All-

A

Other, different

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114
Q

Anc-, ang-, ank-

A

Bend or hollow

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115
Q

Andr-

A

Male

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116
Q

Angi-

A

Blood vessel

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117
Q

Aort-

A

Large artery exiting from left ventricle

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118
Q

Arter-

A

Artery

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119
Q

Arth-

A

Joint

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120
Q

Artic

A

Joint

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121
Q

Asphyxia

A

Unconsciousness due to suffocation

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122
Q

Astha-

A

Short drawn breath, panting

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123
Q

Asthenia

A

Weakness

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124
Q

Aud-, aur-, aus-

A

To hear

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125
Q

Bio-

A

Life

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126
Q

Brachy-

A

Short

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127
Q

Branchi-

A

Arm

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128
Q

Bronch-

A

One of the major divisions of the trachea

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129
Q

Bucc-

A

Cheek

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130
Q

Burs-

A

Pouch or sac

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131
Q

Caes-, cis

A

Cut

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132
Q

Call-

A

Hard, thick skin

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133
Q

Calx, calca-

A

Heel

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134
Q

Can-

A

Malignant tumor

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135
Q

Caput, capitis

A

Head

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136
Q

Carc-

A

Cancer

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137
Q

Card-, cardia

A

Heart

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138
Q

Carotid

A

Great arteries of the neck

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139
Q

Carpus

A

Wrist

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140
Q

Caus-, caut-

A

To burn

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141
Q

Celi-

A

Hollow or cavity, specifically the abdomen

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142
Q

Cent-

A

Center, centimeter, centigrade

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143
Q

-centesis

A

Puncture of a cavity

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144
Q

Ceph-

A

Head

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145
Q

Cerv-

A

Neck

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146
Q

Chol-

A

Bile

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147
Q

Chond-

A

Cartilage

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148
Q

Chrom-

A

Color

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149
Q

Cil-

A

Hairlike process

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150
Q

Cleid-

A

Collarbone (clavicle)

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151
Q

Cochlea

A

Part of the inner ear

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152
Q

Coll-

A

Gelatin, neck

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153
Q

Cond-

A

Knuckle

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154
Q

Core

A

Pupil

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155
Q

Cori-

A

Skin

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156
Q

Corp-

A

The body

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157
Q

Cry-

A

Cold

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158
Q

Cubitus

A

Elbow

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159
Q

-cuss

A

Shake violently

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160
Q

Cyan-

A

Blue

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161
Q

Cyc-

A

Circle

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162
Q

Cyst

A

Bladder, cyst

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163
Q

Dent-

A

Tooth

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164
Q

Derm-

A

Skin

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165
Q

Digit

A

Finger

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166
Q

Duct

A

To lead or guide

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167
Q

Edem-

A

Swelling

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168
Q

Embryo

A

Fetus

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169
Q

Enter-

A

Intestines

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170
Q

Eryth-

A

Red

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171
Q

-esth

A

Sensation

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172
Q

Eti-

A

Cause

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173
Q

Facil-

A

Easy

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174
Q

Febr-

A

Fever

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175
Q

Flex

A

To bend

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176
Q

Foramen

A

Opening

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177
Q

Fract-

A

To break into pieces

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178
Q

Gangl-

A

Tumor under the skin, junction of the nerve cells

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179
Q

Gangr-

A

Gnawing sore

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180
Q

Gast-

A

Stomach, belly

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181
Q

Gen-, gon-

A

Become, produce

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182
Q

Gest-

A

Carry, produce

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183
Q

Glomerulus

A

Plexus of capillaries

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184
Q

Gnosis

A

Knowledge

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185
Q

-gram

A

Something written

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186
Q

-graph

A

To write

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187
Q

Gyn-

A

Female

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188
Q

Hem-, em

A

Blood

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189
Q

Hepat-

A

Liver

190
Q

Heter-

A

Other, different

191
Q

Homo-

A

The same

192
Q

Humerus

A

Upper arm

193
Q

Hydr-

A

Water

194
Q

Hyster-

A

The womb

195
Q

Idi

A

Personal, one’s own

196
Q

Idio-

A

Distinct

197
Q

Ingui-

A

Front of body, between hips and groin

198
Q

Lact-

A

Milk

199
Q

Lev-

A

Left side

200
Q

Ligament

A

Band of fibrous tissue connecting two bones

201
Q

Ling-

A

Tongue

202
Q

-lith-

A

Stone

203
Q

Mal-

A

Bad

204
Q

Meatus

A

External opening

205
Q

Med-

A

Middle

206
Q

Mega-

A

Large

207
Q

Melan-, melen-

A

Black

208
Q

Men-, mena-

A

Monthly

209
Q

Menin-

A

Membrane covering brain and spinal cord

210
Q

Morb-

A

Disease

211
Q

Myel-

A

Marrow or spinal cord

212
Q

Myo-

A

Muscle

213
Q

Nephr-

A

Kidney

214
Q

Noct-

A

Night

215
Q

Nomen-, nomin-

A

Name

216
Q

Oa-, oss-, ost-

A

Bone

217
Q

Ocul-

A

Eye

218
Q

Odon-

A

Tooth

219
Q

Oo-, ov-

A

Egg

220
Q

Opthalm-

A

Eye

221
Q

Orch-

A

Testis

222
Q

Ot-

A

Ear

223
Q

Palpate

A

To touch

224
Q

Pari-, part-

A

To bear

225
Q

Pariet-

A

Wall

226
Q

Path-

A

Disease

227
Q

Pea-, ped-

A

Foot

228
Q

Ped-

A

Child

229
Q

Percuss

A

To strike

230
Q

Phag

A

To eat

231
Q

Photo-

A

Light

232
Q

Placenta

A

Organ supplying nutrients to the fetus during gestation

233
Q

Pleur-

A

Membrane surrounding lung and lining the thoracic cavity

234
Q

Pneum-

A

Breathing

235
Q

Pod-

A

Foot

236
Q

Pseud-

A

False

237
Q

Psych-

A

Mind

238
Q

Ptosis

A

Falling down

239
Q

Pty-

A

Spit out

240
Q

Pur-, pus-, py-

A

Pus

241
Q

Pyel-

A

Pelvis (including pelvis of kidney)

242
Q

Pyr-

A

Fever

243
Q

Quad-, quar-, quat-

A

Four

244
Q

Radius

A

Rod

245
Q

Ren-

A

Kidney

246
Q

Reticulum

A

Network

247
Q

Retina

A

Inner nerve-containing layer of the eye

248
Q

Rhin-

A

Nose

249
Q

Rub-

A

Red

250
Q

Salpinx

A

Tube

251
Q

Sang-

A

Blood

252
Q

Scler-

A

Hard

253
Q

Sebum

A

Hard fat of animals

254
Q

Sect-, seg-

A

To cut

255
Q

Sepsis

A

Containing growing bacteria

256
Q

Sept-

A

Wall

257
Q

Serum

A

Fluid formed when blood clots

258
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity or hollow

259
Q

Somat-

A

Body

260
Q

Sphincter

A

Muscle that closes when it contracts

261
Q

Spir-

A

Coil

262
Q

Stasis

A

Standing

263
Q

Stature

A

Height

264
Q

Status

A

Condition

265
Q

Stern-

A

Chest

266
Q

Stoma

A

Opening or mouth

267
Q

Sulc-

A

Groove on surface of brain

268
Q

Tachy-

A

Rapid

269
Q

Tact-

A

To touch

270
Q

Talus

A

Heel

271
Q

Tarsus

A

Bones of the forefoot

272
Q

Tel-

A

Distance

273
Q

Temp-

A

Time, or temple of the head

274
Q

Tendon

A

Fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone

275
Q

Tetr-

A

Four

276
Q

Tom-

A

To cut

277
Q

Toxic

A

Poisonous

278
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe

279
Q

Trich-

A

Hair

280
Q

Ur-, urin-

A

Urine

281
Q

Vagina

A

Female genital canal

282
Q

Varic-

A

Dilated vein

283
Q

Vertebra

A

Bone supporting the spinal column

284
Q

Vertex

A

Top of the skull

285
Q

Vertigo

A

Dizziness

286
Q

Viscera

A

Internal organs

287
Q

Viscous

A

Sticky

288
Q

Xen

A

Foreign

289
Q

Xer-

A

Dry

290
Q

Administration tubing

A

flexible, clear plastic tubing that connects the solution bag to the IV cannula.

291
Q

Air embolism

A

air in the vein.

292
Q

Ampule

A

breakable glass vessel containing liquid medication.

293
Q

Anticoagulant

A

medication that inhibits blood clotting.

294
Q

ABO blood groups

A

four blood groups formed by the presence or absence of two antigens known as A and B. A person may have either (type A or type B), both (type AB), or neither (type O). An immune response will be activated whenever a person receives blood containing A or B antigen if this antigen is not already present in his own blood.

295
Q

Acid base reactions

A

any chemical reaction that results in the transfer of protons.

296
Q

Acquired immunity

A

protection from infection or disease that is (1) developed by the body after exposure to an antigen (active acquired immunity) or (2) transferred to the person from an outside source such as from the mother through the placenta or as a serum (passive acquired immunity).

297
Q

Acute

A

of sudden onset, as an acute disease.

298
Q

Adipocytes

A

fat cells.

299
Q

Adipose tissue

A

fat.

300
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

a life-threatening allergic reaction; also called anaphylactic shock.

301
Q

AIDS

A

a group of signs, symptoms, and disorders that often develop as a consequence of HIV infection. (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

302
Q

Albumin

A

a protein commonly present in plant and animal tissues. In the blood, albumin works to maintain blood volume and blood pressure and provides colloid osmotic pressure, which prevents plasma loss from the capillaries.

303
Q

Allergy

A

exaggerated immune response to an environmental antigen.

304
Q

Amylopectin

A

a highly branched polymer of glucose; one of two types of starch, the other being amylose.

305
Q

Amylose

A

a linear, unbranched polymer of glucose; one of two types of starch, the other being amylopectin.

306
Q

Anencephaly

A

a birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull.

307
Q

Antibiotic

A

agent that kills or decreases the growth of bacteria.

308
Q

Antibody

A

a substance produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign antigen that will combine with and control or destroy the antigen, thus preventing infection.

309
Q

Antigen

A

a marker on the surface of a cell that identifies it as “self” or “non-self.”

310
Q

Antigen-antibody complexes

A

the substance formed when an antibody combines with an antigen to deactivate or destroy it; also called immune complex.

311
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

cells, such as macrophages, that present (express onto their surfaces) portions of the antigens they have digested.

312
Q

Antigen processing

A

the recognition, ingestion, and breakdown of a foreign antigen, culminating in production of an antibody to the antigen or in a direct cytotoxic response to the antigen.

313
Q

Apoptosis

A

response in which an injured cell releases enzymes that engulf and destroy itself; one way the body rids itself of damaged and dead cells.

314
Q

Atrophy

A

a decrease in cell size resulting from a decreased workload.

315
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

failure of the immune system to recognize certain tissues normally present in the body resulting in an attack against those tissues by the immune system; autoimmune disease includes rheumatic heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

316
Q

Autoimmunity

A

an immune response to self-antigens, which the body normally tolerates.

317
Q

B lymphocytes

A

the type of white blood cells that, in response to the presence of an antigen, produce antibodies thatattack the antigen, develop a memory for the antigen, and confer long-term immunity to the antigen.

318
Q

Bacteria

A

(singular bacterium) single-cell organisms with a cell membrane and cytoplasm but no organized nucleus. They bind to the cells of a host organism to obtain food and support.

319
Q

Basement membrane

A

a thin sheet of fibers that underlies the epithelia, the membranes that line or cover internal and external body surfaces.

320
Q

Basophils

A

granular white blood cells that, similarly to mast cells, release histamine and other chemicals that control constriction and dilation of blood vessels during inflammation.

321
Q

Benign

A

not cancerous; not able to spread to other tissues. See also malignant.

322
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

a process of developing a cancer.

323
Q

Carcinoma-in-situ

A

an early form of cancer in which tumor cells have not yet invaded surrounding tissues.

324
Q

Cardiac contractile force

A

the strength of a contraction of the heart.

325
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

shock caused by insufficient cardiac output; the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to perfuse all parts of the body.

326
Q

Cartilage

A

a type of connective tissue that provides structure and support to other tissues.

327
Q

Cascade

A

a series of actions triggered by a first action and culminating in a final action—typical of the actions caused by plasma proteins involved in the complement, coagulation, and kinin systems.

328
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that strongly affect the nervous and cardiovascular systems, metabolic rate, temperature, and smooth muscle.

329
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

the short-term immunity to an antigen provided by T lymphocytes, which directly attack the antigen but do not produce antibodies or memory for the antigen.

330
Q

Cellular adaption

A

physiologic or structural changes to a cell in response to change or stress or a pathological condition.

331
Q

Cellular respiration

A

metabolic processes with a cell that convert nutrients to energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and that subsequently release waste products from the cell.

332
Q

Chemotactic factors

A

chemicals that attract white cells to the site of inflammation, a process called chemotaxis.

333
Q

Chromatin

A

a combination of DNA and other proteins in the nucleus of a cell that condenses to form chromosomes.

334
Q

Chromosomes

A

threadlike structures within the nuclei of cells that carry genetic information.

335
Q

Chronic

A

slow in onset, persisting over a long period of time, as in a chronic disease.

336
Q

Cisternae

A

saclike structures within body cells that form part of the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and of the Golgi apparatus and act as carrier vessels that transport proteins from the RER to the Golgi apparatus for further processing.

337
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

a key phase of glucose metabolism, requiring the presence of oxygen, in which pyruvic acid (a product of the breakdown of glucose) is oxidized, resulting in the release of energy in the form of ATP and carbon dioxide as waste. Also called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

338
Q

Clinical presentation

A

the manifestation of a disease; the signs and symptoms of a disease.

339
Q

Clonal diversity

A

the development of receptors, by B lymphocyte precursors in the bone marrow, for every possible type of antigen.

340
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

sensory receptors that detect and act on chemical signals—for example, sensing a change in carbon dioxide levels in the blood and responding by causing an increase in respiratory rate to expel the excess carbon dioxide from the body.

341
Q

Clonal selection

A

the process by which a specific antigen reacts with the appropriate receptors on the surface of immatureB lymphocytes, thereby activating them and prompting them to proliferate, differentiate, and produce antibodies to the activating antigen.

342
Q

Coagulation system

A

a plasma protein system that results in formation of a protein called fibrin. Fibrin forms a network that walls off an infection and forms a clot that stops bleeding and serves as a foundation for repair and healing of a wound. Also called the clotting system.

343
Q

Coenzymes

A

nonprotein substances that bind to enzyme proteins to assist them in biochemical transformations. Also called cofactors.

344
Q

Collagen

A

proteins that are the main component of connective tissue.

345
Q

Colloid

A

intravenous solutions containing large proteins that cannot pass through capillary membranes.

346
Q

Compensated shock

A

early stage of shock during which the body’s compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal perfusion.

347
Q

Complement system

A

a group of plasma proteins (the complement proteins) that are dormant in the blood until activated, as by antigen-antibody complex formation, by products released by bacteria, or by components of other plasma protein systems. When activated, the complement system is involved in most of the events of inflammatory response.

348
Q

Complications

A

abnormalities or conditions that result from another, original disease or problem. Also called sequelae.

349
Q

Congenital metabolic diseases

A

diseases affecting the metabolism that are present from birth.

350
Q

Connective tissue

A

the most abundant body tissue; it provides support, connection, and insulation. Examples: bone, cartilage, fat, blood.

351
Q

Contraction

A

inward movement of wound edges during healing that eventually brings the wound edges together.

352
Q

Cortisol

A

a steroid hormone released by the adrenal cortex that regulates the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, and proteins and also has an anti-inflammatory effect.

353
Q

Cristae

A

folds within mitochondria that form shelves within the mitochondria.

354
Q

Crystalloids

A

intravenous solution that contains electrolytes but lacks the larger proteins associated with a colloid.

355
Q

Cytokines

A

proteins, produced by white blood cells, that regulate immune responses by binding with and affecting the function of the cells that produced them or of other, nearby cells.

356
Q

Cytotoxic

A

toxic, or poisonous, to cells.

357
Q

Debridement

A

the cleaning up or removal of debris, dead cells, and scabs from a wound, principally through phagocytosis.

358
Q

Decompensated shock

A

advanced stages of shock when the body’s compensatory mechanisms are no longer able to maintain normal perfusion; also called progressive shock.

359
Q

Degranulation

A

the emptying of granules from the interior of a mast cell into the extracellular environment.

360
Q

Dehydration

A

excessive loss of body fluid.

361
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity reaction

A

a hypersensitivity reaction that takes place after the elapse of some time following reexposure to an antigen. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are usually less severe than immediate reactions.

362
Q

Denaturation

A

loss of a protein’s three-dimensional shape caused by factors such as heat, chemicals, or pH; the change in the appearance and structure of an egg white when it is cooked is an example of denaturation.

363
Q

Diagnosis

A

the process of identifying and assigning a name to a disease in an individual patient or a group of patients with similar signs and symptoms.

364
Q

Diapedesis

A

movement of white cells out of blood vessels through gaps in the vessel walls that are created when inflammatory processes cause the vessel walls to constrict.

365
Q

Disease

A

an abnormal structural or functional change within the body.

366
Q

Dynamic steady state

A

homeostasis; the tendency of the body to maintain a net constant composition although the components of the body’s internal environment are always changing.

367
Q

Dysplasia

A

a change in cell size, shape, or appearance caused by an external stressor.

368
Q

Dysplastic

A

having an abnormal appearance, as with a cell seen under a microscope.

369
Q

Ectoderm

A

the outermost of three germ layers, primitive cell types that develop in the embryo and that will differentiate into the various tissues and organs of the body. See alsoendoderm; germ layers; mesoderm.

370
Q

Electron transport chain

A

carriers embedded on the cristae in the inner membrane of the mitochondria of cells that transfer electrons from one molecule to another, releasing energy in the process.

371
Q

Endocrine secretions

A

secreted substances that are released into the bloodstream or surrounding tissues without the aid of ducts.

372
Q

Endocytosis

A

process by which substances can enter a cell when a section of the cell’s plasma membrane encircles the substance, then pinches off into a vesicle that is released into the cell. See also exocytosis.

373
Q

Endoderm

A

the innermost of three germ layers, primitive cell types that develop in the embryo and that will differentiate into the various tissues and organs of the body. See alsoectoderm; germ layers; mesoderm.

374
Q

Endotoxins

A

molecules in the walls of certain Gram-negative bacteria that are released when the bacterium dies or is destroyed, causing toxic (poisonous) effects on the host body.

375
Q

Eosinophils

A

granular white blood cells that attack parasites and also help to control and limit the inflammatory response.

376
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

the protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues. Examples: skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the intestinal tract.

377
Q

Epithelialization

A

growth of epithelial cells under a scab, separating it from the wound and providing a protective covering for the healing wound.

378
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin, which transports oxygen to the cells.

379
Q

Etiology

A

the study of disease causes; the occurrences, reasons, and variables of a disease.

380
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

cells that contain a nucleus and organelles. The cells of most multicellular organisms, including humans, are eukaryotes. See also prokaryotic cells.

381
Q

Exocrine secretions

A

secreted substances that are deposited on the surface of the skin or other epithelial surface through ducts.

382
Q

Exocytosis

A

process by which substances can exit after being encircled by a membrane vesicle. See also endocytosis.

383
Q

Exotoxins

A

toxic (poisonous) substances secreted by bacterial cells during their growth.

384
Q

Exudate

A

substances that penetrate vessel walls to move into the surrounding tissues.

385
Q

Fermentation

A

the breakdown of glucose without oxygen.

386
Q

Fibroblasts

A

the most abundant cells in connective tissue; cells that secrete collagen proteins that maintain a structural framework for many tissues and play an important role in wound healing.

387
Q

Fick principle

A

principle stating that the overall movement and utilization of oxygen in the body is dependent on five conditions: adequate concentration of inspired oxygen; appropriate movement of oxygen across the alveolar/capillary membrane into the arterial bloodstream; adequate number of red blood cells to carry the oxygen; proper tissue perfusion; and efficient off-loading of oxygen at the tissue level.

388
Q

Free radicals

A

atoms or molecules with an unpaired electron in the outer shell. Most free radicals are highly reactive and cause cell damage, especially oxidative damage.

389
Q

Free water

A

water that is free of solute.

390
Q

General adaption syndrome

A

a sequence of stress response stages: stage I, alarm; stage II, resistance or adaptation; stage III, exhaustion.

391
Q

Germ layers

A

the three primitive cell types (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm) that develop in the embryo and that will differentiate into the various tissues and organs of the body. See also ectoderm; endoderm; mesoderm.

392
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

a process controlled by the hormones glucagon and epinephrine in which stores of glycogen are broken down into glucose to meet a bodily need for glucose. See also glycogen.

393
Q

Glycolysis

A

a series of reactions by which a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a process that begins the conversion of glucose into energy and that also produces free hydrogen ions that determine the body’s pH.

394
Q

Granulation

A

filling of a wound by the inward growth of healthy tissues from the wound edges.

395
Q

Granulocytes

A

white cells with multiple nuclei that have the appearance of a bag of granules; also called polymorphonuclear cells. Types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

396
Q

Granuloma

A

a tumor or growth that forms when foreign bodies that cannot be destroyed by macrophages are surrounded and walled off.

397
Q

Half life

A

a unit of rate of decay of radioactive isotopes; the time it takes for the decaying parent isotope to decrease by half.

398
Q

Haptens

A

molecules that do not trigger an immune response on their own but can become immunogenic when combined with larger molecules.

399
Q

Hematocrit

A

the percentage of the blood occupied by erythrocytes.

400
Q

Hemoglobin

A

an iron-based pigment present in redblood cells that binds with oxygen and transports itto the cells.

401
Q

Histamine

A

a substance released during the degranulation of mast cells and also released by basophils that, through constriction and dilation of blood vessels, increases blood flow to the injury site and also increases the permeability of vessel walls.

402
Q

Histopathology

A

the study of diseased or abnormal tissues.

403
Q

HIV

A

a virus that breaks down the immune defenses, making the body vulnerable to a variety of infections and disorders. (Human immunodeficiency virus)

404
Q

HLA antigens

A

antigens the body recognizes as self or non-self; present on all body cells except the red blood cells.

405
Q

Humoral immunity

A

the long-term immunity to an antigen provided by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes.

406
Q

Hypercapnia

A

an elevated level of plasma CO2.

407
Q

Hyperplasia

A

an increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased workload.

408
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

an exaggerated and harmful immuneresponse; an umbrella term for allergy, autoimmunity, and isoimmunity.

409
Q

Hypertrophy

A

an increase in cell size resulting from an increased workload.

410
Q

Hyperventilation

A

rapid or deep breathing in excess of the body’s needs.

411
Q

Hyperventilation syndrome

A

excessive CO2 elimination resulting in respiratory alkalosis, caused by hyperventilation.

412
Q

Hypocapnia

A

a reduced level of plasma CO2.

413
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

inadequate perfusion of the body tissues, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues. Also called shock.

414
Q

Hypoventilation

A

reduced rate or depth of breathing that does not meet the body’s needs.

415
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

shock caused by a loss of intravascular fluid volume.

416
Q

Hypoxemia

A

decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.

417
Q

Hypoxia

A

a general oxygen deficiency or oxygen deficiency to a particular tissue or organ.

418
Q

Iatrogenic disease

A

a disease that results from a medical treatment given for another disease or condition.

419
Q

Idiopathic

A

of unknown cause, in reference to a disease.

420
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction

A

a swiftly occurring secondary hypersensitivity reaction (one that occurs after reexposure to an antigen). Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are usually more severe than delayed reactions. The swiftest and most severe such reaction is anaphylaxis.

421
Q

Immune response

A

the body’s reactions that inactivate or eliminate foreign antigens.

422
Q

Immunity

A

exemption from legal liability; a long-term condition of protection from infection or disease; the body’s ability to respond to the presence of a pathogen.

423
Q

Immunogens

A

antigens that are able to trigger an immune response.

424
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

antibodies; proteins, produced in response to foreign antigens, that destroy or control the antigens.

425
Q

Inflammation

A

the body’s response to cellular injury; also called the inflammatory response. In contrast to the immune response, inflammation develops swiftly, is nonspecific (attacks all unwanted substances in the same way), and is temporary, leading to healing.

426
Q

Insidious

A

existing without symptoms or with mild symptoms, as a disease that does not seem as serious as it is or as it may become.

427
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

the fluid in body tissues that is outside the cells and outside the vascular system.

428
Q

Irreversible shock

A

shock that has progressed so far that no medical intervention can reverse the condition and death is inevitable.

429
Q

Ischemia

A

a blockage in the delivery of oxygenated blood to the cells.

430
Q

Isoimmunity

A

an immune response to antigens from another member of the same species—for example, Rh reactions between a mother and infant or transplant rejections; also called alloimmunity.

431
Q

Kinin system

A

a plasma protein system that produces bradykinin, a substance that works with prostaglandins to cause pain. It also has actions similar to those of histamine (vasodilation and bronchospasm, increased permeability of the blood vessels, and chemotaxis) but acts more slowly than histamine, thus being more important during later stages of inflammation.

432
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells, which play a key role in the immune system and inflammatory (infection-fighting) responses.

433
Q

Leukotrienes

A

also called slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis (SRS-A); substances synthesized by mast cells during the inflammatory response that cause vasodilation, vascular permeability, and chemotaxis.

434
Q

Lymphocytes

A

a type of leukocyte, or white blood cell, that attacks foreign substances as part of the body’s immune response.

435
Q

Lymphokine

A

a cytokine released by a lymphocyte.

436
Q

Major histocompatability complex

A

a group of genes on chromosome 6 that provide the genetic code for HLA antigens.

437
Q

Malignant

A

cancerous; able to spread to other tissues. See also benign.

438
Q

Margination

A

adherence of white cells to vessel walls in the early stages of inflammation.

439
Q

Mast cells

A

large cells, resembling bags of granules, that reside near blood vessels. When stimulated by injury, chemicals, or allergic responses, they activate the inflammatory response by degranulation (emptying their granules into the extracellular environment) and synthesis (construction of leukotrienes and prostaglandins).

440
Q

Maturation

A

continuing processes of wound reconstruction that may occur over a period of years after initial healing, as scar tissue is remodeled and strengthened.

441
Q

Memory cells

A

cells produced by mature B lymphocytes that “remember” the activating antigen and will trigger a stronger and swifter immune response if reexposure to the antigen occurs.

442
Q

Mesoderm

A

the middle of three germ layers, primitive cell types that develop in the embryo and that will differentiate into the various tissues and organs of the body. See alsoectoderm; endoderm; germ layers.

443
Q

Metabolic acid-base disorders

A

metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis; disorders that result from changes in the production of acid or changes in bicarbonate levels within the body.

444
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

acidity caused by an increase in acid, often because of increased production of acids during metabolism or from causes such as vomiting, diarrhea, diabetes, or medication.

445
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

alkalinity caused by an increase in plasma bicarbonate resulting from causes including diuresis, vomiting, or ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate.

446
Q

Metallic elements

A

elements that tend to lose electrons. See also nonmetallic elements.

447
Q

Metaplasia

A

replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue.

448
Q

Metastasis

A

movement of cancer cells to other areas of the body from the original site.

449
Q

Milliequivalents

A

a unit of measure applied to electrolytes, used as a unit of measure for amounts of very small magnitude.

450
Q

Minute volume

A

the amount of air (gas) inhaled and exhaled in one minute.

451
Q

Monoclonal antibody

A

an antibody that is very pure and specific to a single antigen.

452
Q

Monocytes

A

white cells with a single nucleus; the largest normal blood cells. During inflammation, monocytes mature and grow to several times their original size, becoming macrophages.

453
Q

Monokine

A

a cytokine released by a macrophage.

454
Q

Monomer

A

an atom or a small molecule that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymer. See also polymer.

455
Q

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

A

progressive impairment of two or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury.

456
Q

Muscle tissue

A

tissue that is capable of contraction when stimulated. There are three types of muscle tissue: cardiac (myocardium, or heart muscle), smooth (within intestines, surrounding blood vessels), and skeletal, or striated (allows skeletal movement). Skeletal muscle is mostly under voluntary, or conscious, control; smooth muscle is under involuntary, or unconscious, control; cardiac muscle is capable of spontaneous, or self-excited, contraction.

457
Q

Natriuretic peptide

A

peptide hormones synthesized by the heart, brain, and other organs with effects that include excretion of large amounts of sodium in the urine and dilation of the blood vessels.

458
Q

Natural immunity

A

inborn protection against infection or disease that is part of the person’s or species— genetic makeup.

459
Q

Neoplasia

A

abnormal or uncontrolled cell growth. See also neoplasm.

460
Q

Neoplasm

A

a tumor that results from neoplasia. See also neoplasia.

461
Q

Nerve tissue

A

tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body.

462
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

shock resulting from brain or spinal cord injury that causes an interruption of nerve impulses to the arteries with loss of arterial tone, dilation, and relative hypovolemia.

463
Q

Neuroglia

A

glial cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons.

464
Q

Neuron

A

nerve cell; cell that transmits electrical impulses.

465
Q

Neutrophil

A

a type of white blood cell; a phagocyte that has the ability to ingest other cells and substances.

466
Q

Primary immune response

A

the initial development of antibodies in response to the first exposure to an antigen in which the immune system becomes “primed” to produce a faster, stronger response to any future exposures.

467
Q

Primary intention

A

simple healing of a minor wound without granulation or pus formation.

468
Q

Prognosis

A

the expected outcome of a disease or injury.

469
Q

Psychoneuroimmunological reaction

A

the interactions of psychological, neurologic/endocrine, and immunologic factors that contribute to alteration of the immune system as an outcome of a stress response that is not quickly resolved.

470
Q

Respiratory acid-base disorders

A

respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis; disorders that result from an inequality between carbon dioxide generation in the peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide elimination by the respiratory system.

471
Q

Septic shock

A

shock that develops as the result of infection carried by the bloodstream, eventually causing dysfunction of multiple organ systems.

472
Q

Virus

A

an organism much smaller than a bacterium, visible only under an electron microscope. Viruses invade and live inside the cells of the organisms they infect.

Paramedic (10 decks)

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