Questions 3 Flashcards
The Midinguinal point
Halfway between the pubic tubercle and ASIS
Anatomical location of femoral hernia in relation to pubic tubercle
Inferolateral
In what position is the appendix most commonly found
Retrocecal
Hartnups disease
Transport of neutral amino acid defect with the Na+ neutral amino acid transport B defect
What disease shows Dermatic herpetiforms
Coeliac disease
Mechanism of action of peppermint oil and Mebeverine
Direct smooth muscle relaxant
What supplies the fundus of the stomach
Short gastric and posterior gastric arteries
When is gastrin released
From G cells due to Vagus nerve activation as a result of peptides in the stomach
Enterochromaffin cells
Secrete histamine which increases acid production by binding to H2 receptors on parietal cells
What decreases gastric acid secretion
Release of hormones by enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine due to fats, hyperosmolarity and acidic chyme
What nerve is activated in the cephalic phase of digestion
Seeing food. Vagus nerve releases ACh
Vitamin B12 absorption
Protein-bound vitamin B12 is released from proteins by the action of pepsin in the stomach
- B12 then binds to R-protein (AKA haptocorrin) in the stomach, R-protein is produced in the salivary glands
- In the duodenum, proteases digest R-protein. B12 then forms a complex with intrinsic factor (IF). Intrinsic factor is synthesised by gastric parietal cells
- The B12-IF complex is the absorbed by enterocytes in the terminal ileum
- Transcobalamin II serves as the plasma transporter for vitamin B12
What is sued to treat B12 deficiency
Hydroxocobalamin
How smoking and calcium channel blockers cause GORD
Decreased tone of lower oesophageal sphincter
How fatty foods cause GORD
Decreased gastric emptying
How alcohol causes GORD
Inflammatory effects on the oesophageal mucosa, also decreases tone
How pregnancy causes GORD
Increased abdominal pressure, decreased tone
What nerve is activated in the cephalic phase of digestion
Seeing food. Vagus nerve releases ACh
Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma in the oesophagus
Alcohol consumption, smoking and a diet low in fruit and vegetables
Risk factors for adenocarcinoma in the oesophagus
GORD, obesity and smoking
When to use labratory serological testing for H.pyori
When non-invasive methods are contraindicated due to recent antibiotics/PPI
What nerve is activated in the cephalic phase of digestion
Seeing food. Vagus nerve releases ACh
Human karytype
A diploid cell contains 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. Each pair of chromosomes contains one paternal and one maternal epigenetic imprinted chromosomes
At what stage does the nuclear membrane break down
Prometaphase
Prometaphase
The mitotic spindle begins to capture and organise the chromosomes. The chromosomes finish condensing, the nuclear envelope breaks down releasing the chromosome and the mitotic spindle grows more and some of the microtubules start to “capture” chromosomes.
Prophase
The chromosomes start to condense, the mitotic spindle begins to form and the nucleolus disappears (this is a sign that the nucleus is getting ready to break down).
Leighs disease
Mitochondrial disease. Mutations in genes linked to energy production in the mitochondria
Chiasmata
Occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis 1. It allows genetic diversity through exchange of alleles between non-sister chromatids of chromosome pairs
Autosomal recessive disease
Phenylketonuria
Marfan’s syndrome
Autosomal dominant
Patau’s syndrome
Chromosome 15
Down’s syndrome
Chromosome 21. Due to non-disjunction of sister chromatids in anaphase 2
Mosaicism germline cells
Mosaicism can only occur when the germline cells undergo mitosis
Human karytype
A diploid cell contains 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
Duschene Muscular Dystrophy
Recessive X-linked disease
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
Mitochondrial disease
Benzodiazepines
Acts allosterically on GABAa receptors to increase binding of GABA to its receptor to inhibit electrical activity
Sodium valproate
Increases synthesis and decreasses metabolism of GABA, inhibits sodium channnels, inhibits T-cell types Ca+2 channels
What results on Seteven-Johnsons syndrome
Carbamazepin
Robertsonian translocation
One of the parents inherited a balanced translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21 from their parents. The child then inherits an unbalanced translocation, trisomy 21
Trisomy sex chromosomes diseases
Jacobs syndrome- XYY
Klinefellers syndrome- XXY
Prader willi syndrome
Microdeletion caused by genetic silencing of fathers chromosome 15
Angelman’s syndrome
Microdeletion caused by genetic silencing of mothers chromosome 15
Acrocentric chromosomes
13, 14, 15, 20, 21
What types of viral hepatitis contain DNA?
D and E
Types of bipolar
Bipolar 1= Mania and depresion
Bipolar 2= Hypomania and depression
What type of epithelial cells form the epidermis
Stratified squamous epithelium
Problems with assessing health promotions
When do we assess
what do we assess
how do we assess
When do you get tracheal deviation
Tension pneumothorax
