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Medicine year 1 semester 2 > Questions 3 > Flashcards

Questions 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The Midinguinal point

A

Halfway between the pubic tubercle and ASIS

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2
Q

Anatomical location of femoral hernia in relation to pubic tubercle

A

Inferolateral

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3
Q

In what position is the appendix most commonly found

A

Retrocecal

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4
Q

Hartnups disease

A

Transport of neutral amino acid defect with the Na+ neutral amino acid transport B defect

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5
Q

What disease shows Dermatic herpetiforms

A

Coeliac disease

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6
Q

Mechanism of action of peppermint oil and Mebeverine

A

Direct smooth muscle relaxant

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7
Q

What supplies the fundus of the stomach

A

Short gastric and posterior gastric arteries

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8
Q

When is gastrin released

A

From G cells due to Vagus nerve activation as a result of peptides in the stomach

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9
Q

Enterochromaffin cells

A

Secrete histamine which increases acid production by binding to H2 receptors on parietal cells

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10
Q

What decreases gastric acid secretion

A

Release of hormones by enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine due to fats, hyperosmolarity and acidic chyme

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11
Q

What nerve is activated in the cephalic phase of digestion

A

Seeing food. Vagus nerve releases ACh

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12
Q

Vitamin B12 absorption

A

Protein-bound vitamin B12 is released from proteins by the action of pepsin in the stomach

  • B12 then binds to R-protein (AKA haptocorrin) in the stomach, R-protein is produced in the salivary glands
  • In the duodenum, proteases digest R-protein. B12 then forms a complex with intrinsic factor (IF). Intrinsic factor is synthesised by gastric parietal cells
  • The B12-IF complex is the absorbed by enterocytes in the terminal ileum
  • Transcobalamin II serves as the plasma transporter for vitamin B12
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13
Q

What is sued to treat B12 deficiency

A

Hydroxocobalamin

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14
Q

How smoking and calcium channel blockers cause GORD

A

Decreased tone of lower oesophageal sphincter

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15
Q

How fatty foods cause GORD

A

Decreased gastric emptying

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16
Q

How alcohol causes GORD

A

Inflammatory effects on the oesophageal mucosa, also decreases tone

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17
Q

How pregnancy causes GORD

A

Increased abdominal pressure, decreased tone

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18
Q

What nerve is activated in the cephalic phase of digestion

A

Seeing food. Vagus nerve releases ACh

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19
Q

Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma in the oesophagus

A

Alcohol consumption, smoking and a diet low in fruit and vegetables

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20
Q

Risk factors for adenocarcinoma in the oesophagus

A

GORD, obesity and smoking

21
Q

When to use labratory serological testing for H.pyori

A

When non-invasive methods are contraindicated due to recent antibiotics/PPI

22
Q

What nerve is activated in the cephalic phase of digestion

A

Seeing food. Vagus nerve releases ACh

23
Q

Human karytype

A

A diploid cell contains 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. Each pair of chromosomes contains one paternal and one maternal epigenetic imprinted chromosomes

24
Q

At what stage does the nuclear membrane break down

A

Prometaphase

25
Q

Prometaphase

A

The mitotic spindle begins to capture and organise the chromosomes. The chromosomes finish condensing, the nuclear envelope breaks down releasing the chromosome and the mitotic spindle grows more and some of the microtubules start to “capture” chromosomes.

26
Q

Prophase

A

The chromosomes start to condense, the mitotic spindle begins to form and the nucleolus disappears (this is a sign that the nucleus is getting ready to break down).

27
Q

Leighs disease

A

Mitochondrial disease. Mutations in genes linked to energy production in the mitochondria

28
Q

Chiasmata

A

Occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis 1. It allows genetic diversity through exchange of alleles between non-sister chromatids of chromosome pairs

29
Q

Autosomal recessive disease

A

Phenylketonuria

30
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant

31
Q

Patau’s syndrome

A

Chromosome 15

32
Q

Down’s syndrome

A

Chromosome 21. Due to non-disjunction of sister chromatids in anaphase 2

33
Q

Mosaicism germline cells

A

Mosaicism can only occur when the germline cells undergo mitosis

34
Q

Human karytype

A

A diploid cell contains 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

35
Q

Duschene Muscular Dystrophy

A

Recessive X-linked disease

36
Q

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

A

Mitochondrial disease

37
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Acts allosterically on GABAa receptors to increase binding of GABA to its receptor to inhibit electrical activity

38
Q

Sodium valproate

A

Increases synthesis and decreasses metabolism of GABA, inhibits sodium channnels, inhibits T-cell types Ca+2 channels

39
Q

What results on Seteven-Johnsons syndrome

A

Carbamazepin

40
Q

Robertsonian translocation

A

One of the parents inherited a balanced translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21 from their parents. The child then inherits an unbalanced translocation, trisomy 21

41
Q

Trisomy sex chromosomes diseases

A

Jacobs syndrome- XYY

Klinefellers syndrome- XXY

42
Q

Prader willi syndrome

A

Microdeletion caused by genetic silencing of fathers chromosome 15

43
Q

Angelman’s syndrome

A

Microdeletion caused by genetic silencing of mothers chromosome 15

44
Q

Acrocentric chromosomes

A

13, 14, 15, 20, 21

45
Q

What types of viral hepatitis contain DNA?

A

D and E

46
Q

Types of bipolar

A

Bipolar 1= Mania and depresion

Bipolar 2= Hypomania and depression

47
Q

What type of epithelial cells form the epidermis

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

48
Q

Problems with assessing health promotions

A

When do we assess
what do we assess
how do we assess

49
Q

When do you get tracheal deviation

A

Tension pneumothorax

Medicine year 1 semester 2 (61 decks)

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