Questions 3 Flashcards by Jennifer Disley

The Midinguinal point

Halfway between the pubic tubercle and ASIS

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Anatomical location of femoral hernia in relation to pubic tubercle

Inferolateral

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In what position is the appendix most commonly found

Retrocecal

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Hartnups disease

Transport of neutral amino acid defect with the Na+ neutral amino acid transport B defect

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What disease shows Dermatic herpetiforms

Coeliac disease

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Mechanism of action of peppermint oil and Mebeverine

Direct smooth muscle relaxant

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What supplies the fundus of the stomach

Short gastric and posterior gastric arteries

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When is gastrin released

From G cells due to Vagus nerve activation as a result of peptides in the stomach

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Enterochromaffin cells

Secrete histamine which increases acid production by binding to H2 receptors on parietal cells

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What decreases gastric acid secretion

Release of hormones by enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine due to fats, hyperosmolarity and acidic chyme

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What nerve is activated in the cephalic phase of digestion

Seeing food. Vagus nerve releases ACh

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Vitamin B12 absorption

Protein-bound vitamin B12 is released from proteins by the action of pepsin in the stomach

B12 then binds to R-protein (AKA haptocorrin) in the stomach, R-protein is produced in the salivary glands
In the duodenum, proteases digest R-protein. B12 then forms a complex with intrinsic factor (IF). Intrinsic factor is synthesised by gastric parietal cells
The B12-IF complex is the absorbed by enterocytes in the terminal ileum
Transcobalamin II serves as the plasma transporter for vitamin B12

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What is sued to treat B12 deficiency

Hydroxocobalamin

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How smoking and calcium channel blockers cause GORD

Decreased tone of lower oesophageal sphincter

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How fatty foods cause GORD

Decreased gastric emptying

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How alcohol causes GORD

Inflammatory effects on the oesophageal mucosa, also decreases tone

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How pregnancy causes GORD

Increased abdominal pressure, decreased tone

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What nerve is activated in the cephalic phase of digestion

Seeing food. Vagus nerve releases ACh

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Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma in the oesophagus

Alcohol consumption, smoking and a diet low in fruit and vegetables

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Risk factors for adenocarcinoma in the oesophagus

GORD, obesity and smoking

When to use labratory serological testing for H.pyori

When non-invasive methods are contraindicated due to recent antibiotics/PPI

What nerve is activated in the cephalic phase of digestion

Seeing food. Vagus nerve releases ACh

Human karytype

A diploid cell contains 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. Each pair of chromosomes contains one paternal and one maternal epigenetic imprinted chromosomes

At what stage does the nuclear membrane break down

Prometaphase

The mitotic spindle begins to capture and organise the chromosomes. The chromosomes finish condensing, the nuclear envelope breaks down releasing the chromosome and the mitotic spindle grows more and some of the microtubules start to “capture” chromosomes.

Prophase

The chromosomes start to condense, the mitotic spindle begins to form and the nucleolus disappears (this is a sign that the nucleus is getting ready to break down).

Leighs disease

Mitochondrial disease. Mutations in genes linked to energy production in the mitochondria

Chiasmata

Occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis 1. It allows genetic diversity through exchange of alleles between non-sister chromatids of chromosome pairs

Autosomal recessive disease

Phenylketonuria

Marfan's syndrome

Autosomal dominant

Patau's syndrome

Chromosome 15

Down's syndrome

Chromosome 21. Due to non-disjunction of sister chromatids in anaphase 2

Mosaicism germline cells

Mosaicism can only occur when the germline cells undergo mitosis

Human karytype

A diploid cell contains 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

Duschene Muscular Dystrophy

Recessive X-linked disease

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy

Mitochondrial disease

Benzodiazepines

Acts allosterically on GABAa receptors to increase binding of GABA to its receptor to inhibit electrical activity

Sodium valproate

Increases synthesis and decreasses metabolism of GABA, inhibits sodium channnels, inhibits T-cell types Ca+2 channels

What results on Seteven-Johnsons syndrome

Carbamazepin

Robertsonian translocation

One of the parents inherited a balanced translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21 from their parents. The child then inherits an unbalanced translocation, trisomy 21

Trisomy sex chromosomes diseases

Jacobs syndrome- XYY | Klinefellers syndrome- XXY

Prader willi syndrome

Microdeletion caused by genetic silencing of fathers chromosome 15

Angelman's syndrome

Microdeletion caused by genetic silencing of mothers chromosome 15

Acrocentric chromosomes

13, 14, 15, 20, 21

What types of viral hepatitis contain DNA?

D and E

Types of bipolar

Bipolar 1= Mania and depresion | Bipolar 2= Hypomania and depression

What type of epithelial cells form the epidermis

Stratified squamous epithelium

Problems with assessing health promotions

When do we assess what do we assess how do we assess

When do you get tracheal deviation

Tension pneumothorax