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Medicine year 1 semester 2 > Case 11- anatomy > Flashcards

Case 11- anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

Made up of the temporal bone and the Mandible bone. A synovial joint between the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa in the temporal bone. When we open our jaw the Condylar process will glide over the Articular tubercle. The fibrocartilaginous articular disc separates the joint cavity into two compartments.

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2
Q

The temporal bone

A

Sits above the ear. It is a paired structure with bones on either side. The Mandibular fossa is a depression where the mandible sits. The Articular tubercle is a bump which articulates with the Mandible when you open your jaw. On the temporal bone you also have the Zygomatic arch which is where the Zygomatic bone articulates with the temporal bone.

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3
Q

Divisions of the mandible

A

Can be split into the body, angle and ramus. You also have the Condylar process, Coronoid process and Mental foramen.

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4
Q

Nerve supply to the Mandible

A

The inferior alveolar nerve (branch of CNV3) which is a branch of the Mandibular division of the Trigeminal nerve. Provides sensation to chin and lower lip. It enters at the Mandibular foramen, travels along the Mylohyoid line and exits at the mental foramen. It ends as the mental nerve which supplies the chin

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5
Q

Parts of the Mandible

A

You have the Condylar process, Coronoid process and Mental foramen. The Lingula over lies the Mandibular foramen. This is the start of the Mandibular canal. The Mylohyloid line is the site of attachment for the Mylohyoid muscle. The Submandibular fossa is where the Submandibular gland will be sitting. The sublingual fossa is where the sublingual gland will be sitting in.

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6
Q

The ligaments of the Temporo-mandibular joint

A

The ligaments help support the joint and prevent it dislocating. the TMJ is surrounded by a fibrous capsule which is reinforced by 3 extracapsular ligaments. The fibrous capsule surrounds the joint, it binds to the temporal bone and the neck of the Mandible. The ligaments are the Lateral ligament, the Sphenomandibular ligament and the Stylomandibular ligament.

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7
Q

TMJ- the lateral ligament

A

A thickening of the capsule, attaches the articular tubercle and the neck of the mandible. This secures the head of the mandible in the mandibular fossa. Stops excessive movement of the joint

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8
Q

TMJ- the Sphenomandibular ligament

A

Attaches to the sphenoid bone and the inner surface of the mandible, it restricts lateral movement.

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9
Q

TMJ- the Stylomandibular ligament

A

Attaches to the styloid process and angle of mandible. It restricts excessive anterior and lateral movements.

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10
Q

Movements of the TMJ

A
  • Depression- opening the mouth
  • Elevation- closing the mouth
  • Protrusion
  • Retraction
  • Side to side
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11
Q

Movements of the upper compartments of the TMJ

A

Gliding movements like protrusion and retraction. The joint will glide over the articular process

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12
Q

Movements of the lower compartments of the TMJ

A

Hinge movements like depression and elevation

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13
Q

Side to side movement of the TMJ

A

Side to side movement will require movement of both compartments. On one side you will have a protrusion and on the other side you have a pivoting

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14
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing food

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15
Q

Muscles involved in elevation (close mouth)

A

Temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid

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16
Q

Muscles involved in depression (open mouth)

A

Lateral pterygoid, suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

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17
Q

Muscles involved in protrusion

A

Lateral pterygoid, masseter and medial pterygoid

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18
Q

Muscles involved in retrusion

A

Temporalis (posterior oblique and near horizontal fibre) and masseter

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19
Q

Muscles involved in lateral movement

A

Temporals on one side, pterygoids on opposite side and masseter

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20
Q

How the temporalis acts in Mastication

A

Originates= Temporal fossa
Inserts= Coronoid process of the Mandible
The Temporalis has anterior and posterior fibres. It has roles in elevation and retraction as it can pull the mandible up and retract the mandible.

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21
Q

How the Masseter acts in mastication

A 
Originates= Zygomatic bone and the Zygomatic arch (temporal process of the temporal bone)
Insertion= The angle of mandible
Structure= Has both a superficial and deep head
Movement= Has roles in elevation and Retraction ad it moves the jaw up towards the Zygomatic arch.
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22
Q

Action of lateral pterygoid’s in mastication

A

Has a superior and inferior head. Originates at the sphenoid bone. Both heads insert in the articular disc and the neck of the mandible. Attaches to the lateral pterygoid plate. Has roles in depression, protrusion and side to side movement.

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23
Q

How the lateral pterygoids cause Depression, Protrusion and side to side movement

A
  • Depression- the muscles protrude the condylar process of the mandible, over the articular tubercle. Gravity then takes over and allows the mouth to open.
  • Protrusion- the muscles protrude the condylar process of the mandible, over the articular tubercle. This allow the jaw to be protruded
  • Side to side movement- protrusion on one side, so only one lateral pterygoid contracts
24
Q

Medial pterygoid

A

1) Attaches to the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate.
2) Have two heads the superficial and deep head.
3) The superficial head originates in the Tuberosity of the maxilla.
4) The deep head originates at the sphenoid bone.
5) The insertion for both heads is the medial surface of the angle of the mandible.
6) Roles in elevation, protrusion and side to side movement

25
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of mastication

A

The Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CNV3)

26
Q

Divisions of the Pharynx

A

1) The Nasopharynx which is posterior to the nasal cavity
2) The Oropharynx is posterior to the oral cavity
3) Laryngopharynx- posterior to the Larynx

27
Q

The anterior aspect of the oral cavity

A

1) The lips, teeth and the oral vestibule (region between gums and lips).
2) The uvula- extension of the soft palate.
3) The Palatoglossal arch- the anterior arch of the mouth, it is a mucosa layer which covers the Palatoglossal muscle.
4) Posteriorly there is the Palatopharyngeal arch, this is a muscle (the Palatopharyngeal muscle) covered in mucosa.
5) Between the two arches is the Palatine tonsil.

28
Q

The superior aspect of the oral cavity

A

1) The roof of the mouth. The palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.
2) The hard palate is immobile and formed from two bones, the maxilla bona and Palatine bone
3) The soft palate is made of 5 muscles, it can close the nasopharynx to stop food entering the nasal cavity. The hard and soft palate are covered in mucosa.
4) The palatine rugae- bumps in the mucosa which allow you to grip on to the food.

29
Q

Blood and nerve supply to the roof of the mouth

A

1) The greater and lesser palatine arteries are the blood supply.
2) The greater and lesser palatine nerve are the nerve supply

30
Q

The muscles of the soft palate

A
  • Tensor veli palatini, which is involved in swallowing.
  • Palatoglossus, involved in swallowing.
  • Palatopharyngeus, involved in breathing.
  • Levator veli palatini, involved in swallowing.
  • Musculus uvulae, which moves the uvula.
31
Q

The lateral aspect of the oral cavity

A

1) Pharyngeal constrictor muscles- muscles of the pharynx
2) The Hyoid bone, larynx and mandible.
3) Cheeks- composed of Buccinator muscle and the lining of the mucosal. The Buccinator muscle moves food towards the teeth.
4) Parotid duct- within the Buccinator muscle, transports saliva from the Parotid gland into the oral cavity

32
Q

The inferior aspect of the oral cavity

A

1) The floor of the oral cavity
2) Made of two paired muscles, the Mylohyoid bone and the Geniohyoid bone. They are both part of the Suprahyoid muscle group
3) The Mylohyoid is the bigger muscle and is attached to the Hyoid bone and the Mylohyoid line of the Mandible.
4) The Geniohyoid muscle is attached to the body of the Hyoid bone and the chin.
5) Lingual vein- drains the blood supply of the tongue
6) Frenulum of tongue- connects the two sides of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
7) Sublingual papillae- contains opening of submandibular duct (saliva)

33
Q

The posterior aspect of the oral cavity

A

The opening into the Oropharynx

34
Q

Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring

A

A) 1 pharyngeal tonsil (or “adenoid”), located on the roof of the nasopharynx, under the sphenoid bone.
B) 2 tubal tonsils on each side, where each auditory tube opens into the nasopharynx
C) 2 palatine tonsils (commonly called “the tonsils”) located in the oropharynx, between the 2 arches of the oral cavity.
D) lingual tonsils, a collection of lymphatic tissue located on the back part of the tongue

35
Q

Function of Waldeyer’s tonsilar ring

A

Provides defence from pathogens that are trying to enter the body via the nasal or oral cavity

36
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Below the tongue, a paired structure. Has multiple ducts that secrete saliva into the inferior end of the oral cavity. Sits above the Mylohyoid muscle. Parasympathetically supplied by the Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (cranial nerve 7). The major sublingual duct enters the oral cavity near to where the Submandibular duct does. There are also lots of smaller ducts along the sublingual papilla.

37
Q

Submandibular gland

A

Wraps around the mylohyoid muscle, paired structure so one on each side. Sits slightly inferior to the Mandible. One main duct that secretes saliva into the inferior aspect of the oral cavity. The duct wraps around the Mylohyoid muscle. Parasympathetically supplied by the Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (cranial nerve 7), enters at the sublingual papilla.

38
Q

Parotid gland

A

Sits superficially on top of the Masseter muscle anterior to the ear. Paired gland. The duct travels across the Masseter and pierces the Buccinator muscle. It enters the oral cavity at the second molar within the lateral aspects and secrete saliva. The Parotid gland is parasympathetically innervated by the Glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve 9)

39
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus and Palatoglossus.

40
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Longitudinal (superior and inferior), vertical and transverse. The Longitudinal run along the length of the tongue. The vertical muscles run up and down and the Transverse muscles run sideways along the width of the tongue.

41
Q

Innervation of the tongue muscle

A

All the muscles are innervated by the Hypoglossal nerve which is cranial nerve 12, apart from the palatoglossus which is innervated by the Vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10).

42
Q

How do the intrinsic muscles affect the tongue?

A

The intrinsic muscles are responsible for changing the shape of the tongue, so when the vertical muscles contract the tongue is flattened.

43
Q

Tongue- Styloglossus muscle

A

Extrinsic muscle. Attached to the styloid process of the temporal bone and the tongue. Retracts the tongue and elevates it, so moves posteriorly and superiorly.

44
Q

Tongue- Hyoglossus muscle

A

Extrinsic muscle. Attached to the Hyloid process and the tongue. Depresses and retracts the tongue

45
Q

Tongue- Genioglossus muscle

A

Extrinsic muscle. Attached to the internal surface of the Mandible bone and the tongue. Largest muscle of the tongue. Largely responsible for protrusion and depression and side to side movement.

46
Q

Tongue- Palatoglossus muscle

A

Extrinsic muscle. Attached to the palate and the tongue, forms the anterior arch of the oral cavity. Elevates the tongue

47
Q

Function of the tongue’s extrinsic muscles

A

They move the tongue. Helps in speaking and moving food around the mouth

48
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Contain taste receptors

49
Q

Filiform papillae

A

Sense touch, temperature and pain

50
Q

Vallate papillae

A

Contains taste receptors

51
Q

Median sulcus

A

Ridge which divides the two sides of the tongue

52
Q

Sulcus terminalis

A

Divides the tongue into an anterior 2/3rds and a posterior third.

53
Q

Linguil tonsil

A

Posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

54
Q

Difference between general and special sensation

A

General sensation like touch, temperature and pain. Special sensation in the tongue is taste.

55
Q

Sensory nerve supply to the anterior two thirds of the tongue

A
  • Special sensory (taste)- the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (cranial nerve 7)
  • General sensory- the Lingual nerve which is a branch of the Mandibular division of the Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve 5 branch 3).
56
Q

Sensory nerve supply to the posterior third of the tongue

A

For both general and special sensation- the Glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve 9)

Medicine year 1 semester 2 (61 decks)

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