Question 2

Question 1

4 Stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

Answer 1

1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational
3) Concrete operational
4) Formal operational

Question 2

Sensorimotor age

Answer 2

0-2

Question 3

Sensorimotor

Answer 3

Infants think by exploring world and this is how they learn

Question 4

Preoperational age

Answer 4

2-7 years

Question 5

Preoperational

Answer 5

Use symbols to represent early discoveries made in preoperational stage. Development of make-belief play and language, but thinking lacks logic

Question 6

When did Piaget believe make-believe play was developed

Answer 6

Preoperational stage

Question 7

Concrete operational age

Answer 7

7-11

Question 8

Concrete operational

Answer 8

Reasoning becomes more logical and better organised, achievement of conservation

Question 9

When is conservation attained according to Piaget

Answer 9

Concrete operational stage

Question 10

Formal operational age

Answer 10

11 onwards

Question 11

When is hypothetico-deductive reasoning acquired according to Piaget

Answer 11

Formal operational stage

Question 12

3 Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory

Answer 12

1) underestimated ability
2) discovery learning rather than adult teaching
3) Pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences

Question 13

6 substages of sensorimotor stage

Answer 13

1) reflexive schemes
2) primary circular reactions
3) secondary circular reactions
4) coordination of secondary circular reactions
5) Mental representation
6) deferred imitation

Question 14

Reflexive schemes

Answer 14

newborn reflexes

Question 15

Primary circular reactions

Answer 15

simple motor habits

Question 16

Secondary circular reactions

Answer 16

Actions aimed at repeating interesting effects in surrounding world

Question 17

Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Answer 17

object permanence

Question 18

Tertiary circular reactions

Answer 18

Exploration of properties of objects by acting on them in novel ways

Question 19

Schemes

Answer 19

Organised way of making sense of experiences

Question 20

Adaptation

Answer 20

Building schemes through direct interaction with environment (consists of assimilation and accomodation)

Question 21

Assimilation

Answer 21

current schemes to interpret out world

Question 22

Accomodation

Answer 22

adjust schemes or create new ones when we realise current ones don’t capture environment completely

Question 23

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Answer 23

how culture, values, beliefs, customs transmitted to next generation

Question 24

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 24

Vygotsky. Range of tasks child cannot yet handle alone but can do with help of more skilled partners

Question 25

2 Factors Vygotsky believed promote cognitive development

Answer 25

1) intersubjectivity

2) Scaffolding

Question 26

Intersubjectivity

Answer 26

Process by which individuals who begin a task with different understandings arrive at a shared understanding

Question 27

Scaffolding

Answer 27

Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance

Question 28

2 Criticisms of Vygotsky

Answer 28

1) Neglect in biological side

2) Says little about motor, perceptual, memory skills

Question 29

3 Differences between Vygotsky and Piaget

Answer 29

1) Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a socially mediated process
2) Piaget saw egocentric speech as development inhibition whereas for Vygotsky private speech was crucial
3) Both emphasise classroom with independent learning but Vygotsky emphasises assisted discovery