Question Flashcards
What is the oldest pharmacy science s?
Pharmacognosy
Crude drug
Raw drug
What are carbohydrates?
Compound composed of C, H and O
Polysaccharides
(Carbon surround with H2O)
Primary metabolites
Compounds that are essential of growth and development of plants
(Plants can’t live without them)
Eg: sugars, amino acids , nucleotides and lipids
Secondary metabolites
Compounds that don’t function in growth and development of plants
* Play important role in defense against pathogens
* Attraction for pollination
Eg : tannins, alkaloids, waxes , glycosides , volatile oil and carbohydrates (pectin , gums and mucilage)
Gums
Natural plant hydrocolloids classified as polysaccharides or their salts (adhesive and viscous solution in H2O)
*They contain Mg and Ca salts of uronic acids
* T A substance produced for protection as result of injury
T and A
Colorless and Amorphous
Uronic acids
Glucose or sugar that has been oxidized
What is Mucilage ?
Sugars and uronic acids units deposited in plant cells
- Form viscous colloidal solution in H2O non-adhesive
Types of mucilage?
Acidic mucilage: red color with ruthenium Red
Neutral mucilage: blue color with methylene blue (مفهوش uronic acids)
Pectin
The dilute acid extract of the inner of citrus fruit (🍊🍋) and apple pomace
- Soluble in water to give a viscous, colloidal and acidic solution
Uses : suspending agent - anti_diarrhoel formulation
Glycosides
They are composed of two parts : sugar part ( glycone )
Non- sugar part (aglycone= genin)
- They soluble in water (the higher the sugar content, the less the solubility in organic solvent)
Which part of glycolysides have the therapeutic activity ?
Aglycone part
(Glycone is transportation of aglycone to site of action )
Classification of glycosides
Phenolic Glycosides
Thiglycosides
Cyanophore Glycosides
Steroidal Cardio active Glycosides
Saponins
Thiglycosides
Thiocyanate found widely in cruciferous plants and black mustard
Steroidal Cardio active Glycosides
They increase tone excitability of cardiac muscles
High dose cause death
Tannins
Have sharp astringent taste and high MWt (1000-5000)
*Condensed tannins green color with FeCl3
* Hydrolysable tannins give blue color with FeCl3
They cause precipitation of gelatin, proteins as well as alkaloids
What are the Uses of drug containing tannins ? 8
- Astingent for Hemorrhoids and skin abrasion
- Antidote for heavy metals and alkaloids poisoning
- Treatment of burns
- Leather tanning
- Ink preparation
- Antioxidant
- Anticancer
Alkaloids
Are basic nitrogenous compounds, they occur in form salts of organic and inorganic acids (water soluble )
Narcotic and Analgesic alkaloids
Morphine
Codeine
Central stimulant alkaloids
Caffeine
Mydriatic action alkaloids
Atropine
Smooth muscle relaxant
Papaverine
Skeleton muscle relaxant
Tubocurarine
Chemical test for alkaloids
Mayer reagent give creamy white ppt
Dragendorff reagent give orange color
What are waxes
They are esters of fatty acids
Contain large amount of free acids, hydrocarbon and sterols
Waxes uses and origin
Animal: beeswax
Vegetables: carnuba wax
Used widely in industry polish and cosmetics
Resins
They soft and melt on heating , insoluble in H2O but soluble in alcohol
Volatile oil
Enhancing physiological conditions
