Lecture 4 Flashcards
Production process
- Collection
2.Preparation: cleaning and garbling
Curing
Drying
Packing
Storage
Collection
To ensure maximum quality, crude drug should be collected at :
1.appropriate season
2.Particular stage of development or Age
Factors affect drug collection
Time of the year (season)
Time of the day
Stage of maturity and age
Time of the year (seasons )3
Rhubarb collection at summer
Summer anthraquinone, winter anthranoles(exestra laxative)
Hyothymus: summer more alkaloids
Winter Less alkaloids
Colchiicum:spring:colchicine (bitter test)
Autumn starch , no colchicine
Time of day 2
Digitalis: afternoon: more cardiac Morning: less cardiac Glycosides
Family solanaceae: morning more alkaloids
Afternoon less alkaloids
Stage of maturity and Age or development
Santonica : unexpended flower : more santonin VO
Expanded flowers: less santonin
Solanaceae flower:
Flowering stage: more alkaloids
Cleaning and garbling of crude Drugs
Underground organs should be freed from dirt and soil by brushing or washing
Sometimes rootlets are cutoff and stalk are removed from leaves and flowers
Garbling
Is process removing extraneous matter such as sand and unofficial parts of plants
Drying aims to
1.Prevent action of mould and bacteria
2.Fixation of constituents which may be altered by the action of enzyme
3. Facility grinding
4. Make the drug more convenient for commercial handing
Drying method
Natural: Air Drying may be in sun for plants which not effect by direct suight or in shade
Artificial: stop enzyme action (more rapid than natural)
The source of heat inter from the bottom leaves , herbs and flowers dried at (20-40) and bark and root dried at (30-65)
Curing
The process of hydrolysis or oxidation applied to drugs before drying to certain change in active constituents
Gluvanillin and Gluvanillin alcohol to vanillin
Packing
Packing may be under pressure or loose
If drug transported must provide protection as well as economy of space
Some drugs need moisture-proof packing
Factor effecting Drug during storage (4ph &4Bio)
Moisture Bacteria
Light Rodent
Temperature Mould
Oxygen insects
Moisture
Keeping drugs in dry conditions or using dehydrating agent or permanently destroying enzyme using alcohol
Light
drugs should stored in amber colored glass container
Biological factors
In gallery
Adulteration
To make impure by adding foreign substance to something or replacing it
Adulterant
The added substance used for adulteration (usually happen to rare or high price drugs )
Types of adulteration 6
- Sophistication
2.substitution - Admixture
- Deterioration
- Spoilage
- Inferiority
Sophistication
بتاخد كميه قليله من النبات اللي في الماده الفعاله و نزود حاجه تانيه ملهاش تأثير
Example :
Adulteration of beeswax with yellow colored paraffin wax
Adulteration ginger with white flour
Substitution
نفس الشكل بس مفيش ماده فعاله
،
Example
Adulteration Arabian senna with dog senna
Fruit or clove flowers (no active constituents)
Clove Stalks and mother clove
شكلا شبه بس مفيش ماده فعاله
Leaves scoppolia for belladonna
Admixture
نبات مع نبات قريبين ف الشكل و بيبقي مش مقصود
Collection anther plants for mistake and ignorance
Argel instead of senna leaves
Deterioration
الماده الفعاله اتحللت بسبب التخزين الغلط أو العوامل البيئية
Whole cloves from which oil has been removed
Ground linseed from which oil has been expressed
Spoilage
الماده الفعاله تركوها اتغير بسبب الفطريات و البكتريا
Mouldy coffe and wormy rhubarb
Inferiority
نفس النبات بس انا مستخدمه قبل كده و الماده الفعاله قليه أو مش موجوده
Nux vomica seeds
Exhausted
Clove
Inferiority
نفس النبات بس انا مستخدمه قبل كده و الماده الفعاله قليه أو مش موجوده
Nux vomica seeds
Exhausted
Clove
Detection of adulterant identity
In gallery
شرح كل طريقه
ملزمه رقم 4
