Lecture 9

Question 1

What is the bark?

Answer 1

All tissue outside the cambium of woody plants

Question 2

Who protect the internal tissue

Answer 2

Cork cambium

Question 3

Stem layer

Answer 3

I.Bark:
A.outer bark:
1.Rhytidoma
2.periderm :2ry cork-cork cambium- 2ry cortex))
3.1ry cortex
B.Middle bark
C.inner bark

II.Wood: 2ry phloem
1ry phloem
Pith

Question 4

Why we do bark decortication ?

Answer 4

It contains low % of active constituents
It contains higher % of tannins

Question 5

بنشيل اي ف ال decortication ؟

Answer 5

Cork and 2ry cortex (store tannins) or outer bark and middle bark

Question 6

What is Incomplete bark?

Answer 6

If any layer of the bark is removed

Question 7

Shape of barks

Answer 7

Flate
Curved
Chanelled
Single quil
Double quil
Compound quil

Question 8

What is lenticels?

Answer 8

Small openings on plant stem or root . they allow exchange gases between plants and environment

Question 9

What is epiphytes ?

Answer 9

Plants that grow on other planets and they play critical rule in rainforest ecosystem. They provide fruit and seeds for animals and ther act like storage system for other rainforest organsms

Question 10

Calloses

Answer 10

a special polysaccharide found in cell of plants made by enzyme callose synthase that block the vessels of the vascular bundles in response to mechanical damage (block in winter which is end growing season)

Question 11

Keratencylhyma

Answer 11

These callus plants permanently close the tubes this due to the internal pressure

Question 12

Cinchona origin

Answer 12

Dried stem and root bark of cinchona officinalis (pale cinchona) family Rubiaceae

Question 13

Cinchona colors

Answer 13

Officinalis (pale cinchona)
Ledgeriana (yellow cinchona)
Succirubra (red cinchona)

Question 14

Cinchona shape

Answer 14

Flate , channeled , single quill

Question 15

Active constituents of cinchona and chemical test

Answer 15

Tannins
Alkaloids (quinoline alkaloids (30 Alkaloids known as totaquine))

FeCL3 gives greenish black
Mayer’s reagent gives white creamy ppt
Test for red cinchona (sublimation test) gives reddish fummes
Sublimation test for Arputin too

Question 16

Medical uses of cinchona 6

Answer 16

1.Antimalarial (Quinine)
2.Gargles due to tannins
3.Bitter stomachic & gastroenteritis &gall bladder problems
4. Stimulate hair growth
5. Anti arrhythmic
6. Anti rheumatic & anti pyretic

Question 17

Pomegranate origin

Answer 17

Dried stem and root bark of punica granatum family punicaceae

Question 18

Active constituents and chemical test for punica granatum

Answer 18

Alkaloids
Tannins

Mayer’s reagent
Ferric chloride test

Question 19

Uses of punica granatum

Answer 19

Anti oxidant
Astringent
Anthelmintic for tape worm

Question 20

Cassia (syn)

Answer 20

Chinese cinnamon

Question 21

Cinnamon origin and shape

Answer 21

Dried stem of shoots of cinnamomum zeylanicum family lauraceae (deprived of most its cortex)

Single quill, double quill

Question 22

Cassia origin and shape

Answer 22

Dried stem bark of cinnamomum cassia family lauraceae

Channeled, single quill covered with grey patches

Question 23

Cinnamon active constituents and chemical test

Answer 23

1.Volatile oils (Eugenol (in clove also)) Sudan III gives orange red color
2. Tannins FeCL3 gives greenish black color
3. Mucilage (ruthenium red gives red color)

Question 24

Cassia active constituents and chemical test

Answer 24

VO less - No Eugenol
Tannins Higher
Mucilage

Question 25

Uses of cinnamon 6

Answer 25

1. Antisepasmodic
   2.Anti- diabetic
   3.Anti_ Cancer
   4.Decrease level of cholesterol
   5.Anti- Alzheimer’s
   6.Emmenagogue

Question 26

Uses of cinnamon (6)

Answer 26

1.Anti-septic (Due to eugenol (so in clove also))
2. Mild Astringent (tannins )
3. Help in loss weight
4. Warming stimulant in cold conditions
5. Flavoring agent
6. Carminative

Question 27

Salix origin and active constituents (Willow tree)

Answer 27

Simple phenolic Glycosides salicin (sublimation test)

Dried inner bark of salix alba family salicaceae

Question 28

Salix uses and side effects

Answer 28

In gallery