Quality Mgmt Flashcards
Quality
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements
Quality management processes
Initiating - none Planning - plan quality mgmt Executing - manage quality Monitor & control - control quality Closing - none
Plan quality mgmt outputs
Quality mgmt plan, quality metrics
Manage quality outputs
Change requests, test and evaluation docs
Control quality outputs
Quality control measurements, verified deliverables
Total quality management
Everyone is involved in quality and is able to make a difference to quality
Shifts focus from products to processes
Continuous improvement
Aka KAIZEN, stresses constant process improvement in the form of small changes in product or services
PDCA
Just in time
Manufacturing method that brings inventory down to zero
Forces a focus on quality since there’s no excess inventory
ISO 9000
International organization for standardization, ensures companies document what they do and do what they document
Statistical independence
Outcomes of two processes are not linked together or dependent upon each other
Mutually exclusive
States that one choice excludes the other
Standard deviation
Measure and describe how a set of data is organized, typically a bell curve
Average all data points together to get the mean, calculate the difference between each data point and the mean, squaring the differences and dividing the sum by the number of data points minus one
Six sigma
Popular quality management philosophy that focuses on achieving high levels of quality by controlling processes and reducing defects
A sigma is 1 std dev from the mean
Prevention vs inspection
Prevention is simply keeping defects from occurring while inspection is identify and catching errors before they impact others
Obvi prevention is preferred
Attribute sampling vs variable sampling
Attribute sampling is binary, it either conforms or doesn’t, pass or fail
Variable sampling is a measure of how well something conforms to quality, continuous
Special causes vs common causes
Special causes are typically considered unusual and preventable while common are normal
Tolerance vs control limits
Tolerances deal with the limits your project has set for the product acceptance
Control limits focus on whether the process is acceptable
Customer satisfaction
Fitness for use and conformance to requirements
Does it do the right thing and does it do the thing right?
Management responsibility
Mgmt is responsible to make sure the focus stays on quality mgmt and that initiatives have adequate resources and funding
Mutually beneficial partnership with suppliers
Relationships with vendors are critical and benefit both parties
Agile projects
Agile projects get the product in the customers hands as quickly as possible and are able to adapt and prioritize constantly
Takes on small tasks, gets feedback from users and improves
If a problem happens it should be detected early and thus costs less
Plan quality mgmt
Team identifies the quality specs and how the specs will be met
Plan quality mgmt tools
Data representation - flowchart, matrix, mind map, logical data model, SIPOC
Test and inspection planning
Quality mgmt plan
Defines the standards, tools, responsibilities and activities needed to achieve the quality goals and roles needed to carry them out
Quality metrics
Allow quality to me measured, quantified and defined
Ex: number of defects, overtime, rework, downtime, etc.
Manage quality
Referred to as quality assurance, product design and process improvement
Put quality mgmt plan into practice and make sure p/r/s achieves quality
Improve and streamline the overall processes of the p/r/s
Manage quality tools
Data representation - affinity, cause and effect, flowcharts, histogram (Pareto), matrix, scatter Audits - key tool in manage quality Design for x Problem solving Quality improvement models
Design for x
Design for excellence
Design is applied to the top priorities
Design for assembly, manufacturing, logistics, serviceability
Problem solving
Define —> root cause —> identify solutions —> choose solution —> implement —> verify
Quality improvement models
PDCA, six sigma
Quality reports
Can be qualitative or quantitative
Test and evaluation documents
Quality checklists, requirements traceability matrices
Control quality
Uses the tool of inspection to make sure the results of the work are what they are supposed to be
Many cases use statistical sampling rather than testing all outputs
Control quality tools
Inspection
Testing/product evaluations
Data representation - control charts
Testing/product evaluations
May also include software
Stress, unit, usability, regression (backwards compatibility), integration, burn-in testing
Control charts
Statistical process control, one way of depicting variants and determining if a process is in control or not
Rule of 7 - if 7 or more data points are on one side, investigate
Quality control measurements
Results of quality
Verified deliverables
Deliverables have been inspected and measured to make sure they conform to quality standards
