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Project Management > Quality Management > Flashcards

Quality Management Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of quality management?

A

Plan quality management
Perform quality assurance
Control quality

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2
Q

What are the key outputs of the Plan Quality Management process?

A 
Quality management plan
Quality metrics
Quality checklists
Process improvement plan
Updates to project documents
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3
Q

What are the key outputs of the Perform Quality Assurance process?

A

Change requests
Updates to standards, processes, and quality systems (organizational process assets)
Updates to project management plan and project documents

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4
Q

What are the key outputs of the Control Quality process?

A 
Quality control measurements
Validated changes
Work performance information
Updates to project management plan and documents
Change requests
Lessons learned
Verified deliverables
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5
Q

What is the definition of quality?

A

The degree to which the project fulfills requirements

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6
Q

How does quality differ from grade?

A

Quality is the degree to which requirements are fulfilled
Grade refers to general category of classification for a deliverable or resource that indicates common function, but varying technical specifications

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7
Q

What does gold plating mean?

A

Adding extra items and services to customer deliverables that do not necessarily contribute added value or quality

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8
Q

What is marginal analysis?

A

An analysis to determine when optimal quality is reached - to determine the point where incremental benefits or revenue from improving quality equals the incremental cost to secure it

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9
Q

What is a process improvement plan?

A

A plan for analyzing the processes used on the project to improve them, looking for ways to decrease defects, save time and money, and increase customer satisfaction

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10
Q

What are quality metrics?

A

Specific measures of quality to be used on the project in the Perform Quality Assurance and Control Quality processes

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11
Q

What does continuous improvement mean?

A

The ongoing enhancement of a product of service through small, continuous improvements in quality

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12
Q

How much inventory is maintained in a just in time (JIT) environment?
How does this affect attention to quality?

A

Little inventory is maintained

It forces attention to quality

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13
Q

What does ISO 9000 stand for?

A

International Organization for Standards quality standards that help organizations ensure that they have quality procedures and are following them

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14
Q

What is the definition of total quality management, or TQM?

A

A comprehensive management philosophy that encourages companies to find ways to continuously improve the quality of business practices, products, and services at every level of the organization

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15
Q

Why is “prevention over inspection” important?

A

Because the cost of avoiding or preventing mistakes is much less than the cost of correcting them

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16
Q

What does mutual exclusivity mean?

A

Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if they cannot both occur in a single trial (for example, you can’t get both a 5 and a 6 on a single roll of a die)

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17
Q

What is statistical independence?

A

The probability of event “B” occurring does not depend on event “A” occurring (for example, the outcome of a second roll of a die is not dependent on the outcome of the first roll)

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18
Q

What is a normal distribution curve?

A

A symmetric bell-shaped frequency distribution curve used to measure variation; this is the most common probability distribution

19
Q

What does sigma signify in a process?

What’s another name for sigma?

A

How much variance from the mean has been established as permissible in a process
Standard deviation

20
Q

What do 3 sigma and 6 sigma refer to?

A

These are commonly used as quality standards:
+/- 3 standard deviations from the mean
+/- 6 standard deviations from the mean
6 sigma is a higher quality standard than 3 sigma

21
Q

What is the difference between a population and a sample?

A

Population: The total number of individual members, items, or elements comprising a uniquely defined group (e.g. all women)
Sample: A statistically valid subset of population members (e.g. women randomly chosen to represent the population)

22
Q

Who has the responsibility for quality on a project?

A

Although team members must inspect their own work, the project manager has the ultimate responsibility for quality

23
Q

What are the impacts of poor quality?

A 
Increased costs
Decreased profits
Low morale
Low customer satisfaction
Increased risk
Rework
Schedule delays
24
Q

What are examples of costs of conformance and costs of nonconformance?

A

Conformance: Quality training, studies, surveys, efforts to ensure everyone knows the processes to use to complete their work
Nonconformance: rework, scrap, inventory costs, warranty costs, lost business

25
Q

What are costs of nonconformance associated with?

Which should be greater, the costs of conformance or the costs of nonconformance

A

Costs of nonconformance are associated with poor quality

The costs of conformance should be ss

26
Q

What are the seven basic quality tools? (7QC)

A

Cause and effect diagram, flowchart, checksheet, pareto diagram, histogram, control chart, scatter diagram

27
Q

What is a quality checklist?

A

A list of items to inspect, a list of steps to perform, or a picture of an item to be inspected, with space to note any defects found

28
Q

How does a checksheet differ from a quality checklist?

A

Although a checksheet is a type of checklist, its primary purpose is to gather data
The quality checklist is intended to help verify a required action has taken place or item has been included

29
Q

What is a cause and effect diagram?

A

A graphical tool that helps determine the possible root causes of a problem
It is also called a fishbone or Ishikawa diagram

30
Q

What does a flowchart show?

A

How a process or system flows from beginning to end, how the elements interrelate, alternative paths the process can take, and how the process translates inputs into outputs

31
Q

What is a Pareto chart?

A

A histogram that arranges the results from most frequent to least frequent to help identify which root causes are resulting in the most problems

32
Q

What does a scatter diagram show?

A

The relationship between two variables.

33
Q

What is a control chart?

A

A specialized trend chart that documents whether a measured process is in or out of statistical control.

34
Q

What are control limits?

A

The acceptable range of variation on a control chart

35
Q

What are the specification limits on a control chart/

A

The customer’s definition of acceptable product/service characteristics and tolerances

36
Q

How do we define a process as statistically out of control?

What does our of control mean?

A

A data point falls outside the upper or lower control limit, or there are nonrandom data points
There is a lack of consistency and predictability in the process

37
Q

What is the rule of seven?

What does is signify?

A

Seven consecutive data points appearing on a control chart on one side of the mean
The process is out of statistical control

38
Q

What is an assignable cause/special cause variation?

A

A data point (or set of data points) on a control chart indicates that the measured process is out of statistical control and that the cause(s) of the event must be investigated

39
Q

Define benchmarking

A

Comparing your project to other projects to get ideas for improvement and to provide a benchmark for measuring quality performance

40
Q

What is design of experiments?

A

A statistical method that allows you to experimentally change all of the important variables in a process to determine what combination will optimize overall quality

41
Q

What is statistical sampling?

A

Inspecting by testing only part of a population (a statistically valid sample)

42
Q

Define cost-benefit analysis

A

Comparing the costs of an effort to the benefits of that effort

43
Q

What are quality audits?

A

Structured reviews of quality policies, practices, and procedures to ensure they are efficient and effective
These audits often result in lessons learned for the organization

Project Management (14 decks)

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