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Marine Pathology - all > Quaglio + Marcer Exam > Flashcards

Quaglio + Marcer Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Cryptocaryon irritans is

a. an ectoparasite of marine fish
b. a virus transmitted by contaminated water
c. an endoparasite of cetaceans
d. an endoparasite of freshwater fish

A

a. an ectoparasite of marine fish

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2
Q

For routine histological analyses, the samples should be

a. fresh and immediately fixed in formalin
b. frozen and later fixed in formalin
c. kept at room temperature
d. kept in absolute ethanol

A

a. fresh and immediately fixed in formalin

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3
Q

For copromicroscopic exam you need to collect fresh feces and store them in a

a. sterile container at room temperature
b. sterile container with the addition of physiological solution at room temperature
c. sterile vacuum container at −80°C
d. clean container at +4°C

A

d. clean container at +4°C

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4
Q

Clinical signs of columnaris disease are represented by

a. steatosis, swollen and hypertrophic kidney
b. severe erosive lesions on gills, up to diffuse gill necrosis and deep ulcers
c. swollen hypertrophic kidney
d. myocarditis

A

b. severe erosive lesions on gills, up to diffuse gill necrosis and deep ulcers

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5
Q

Fill in the following form for vibriosis

  1. Main species of Vibrio involved
A
  • Vibrio anguillarum
  • Vibrio salmonicida
  • Vibrio harveyi
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6
Q

Fill in the following form for vibriosis

  1. Sensitive fish hosts
A
  • Salmonidae
  • Marine, euryhaline, and freshwater fish
  • Wide host range (cosmopolitan distribution)
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7
Q

Fill in the following form for vibriosis

  1. Main gross lesions
A
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8
Q

Fill in the following form for vibriosis

  1. Diagnosis (methods)
A
  • Bacteriology: Isolation and identification by culturing.
  • PCR: Polymerase chain reaction for genetic detection.
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9
Q

Fill in the following form for vibriosis

  1. Prophylaxis and control
A
  • Immersion treatment (antibiotics)
  • Vaccination (injection gun)
  • Biosecurity measures (hygiene, husbandry, and welfare)
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10
Q

Nodular Gill Disease

a) Bacteria
b) Virus
c) mycotic
d) ?

A

d) Amoebae –> protozoan eukaryotic parasite

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11
Q

Sturgeon skeletal deformities

a) viral
b) trauma
c) gametic

A

b) trauma

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12
Q

Whirling Disease is

  • caused by?
  • found in ?
A
  1. Myxobolus (Myxosoma) cerebralis = Parasite
  2. Salmonids (salmon + trout)
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13
Q

Whirling Disease infects?

A
  • cartilage
  • eventually nervous tissue
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14
Q

What are clinical signs of Whirling Disease?

A
  • fish “whirl” forward in corkscrew-like, circular swimming pattern
  • black tail
  • spinal deformities
  • eventually other deformities in anterior part of fish
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15
Q

Columnari Disease: clinical signs?

A

caused by bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium columnare

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16
Q

What is Toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma gondii (protozoan Parasite)

17
Q

Lifecycle of Toxoplasma gondii

A
  1. Definitive Host: Felids
  • here Bradyzoites mature and, reach adult stage and sexual maturity
  • here they release oocytes that are entering environment through feces
  1. Intermediate hosts: all warm-blooded animals (marine and terrestrial)
18
Q

What are the three infective stages of T. gondii?

A
  1. Sporozoites
  • Shed in cat feces, highly resistant in the environment (viable for 24 months in marine water)
  • oocytes first need to sporulate to become infectious (1-5 days)
  • found in environment
  1. Tachyzoites
  • found in intermediate hosts
  • they penetrate intestinal wall if I.H. and enter the bloodstream
  • allows to reach tissue: eyes, muscle, CNS
  • tachyzoites can be transmitted vertically (breastfeeding/mild + placenta/blood)
  • cause infections in host
  • differentiate and develop into:
  1. Bradyzoites
  • 3rd infectious stage
  • found in muscle tissue where they form tissue cysts
  • these are eaten by D.H. (felid)
19
Q

What are symptoms of T. gondii in marine mammals?

A
  • Severe (non-suppurative) meningoencephalitis.
  • High risk for immunocompromised individuals (e.g., due to morbillivirus or PCB exposure).
  • Atypical pathological effects, as observed in monk seals
  • abortions evtl. due to vertikal transmission
20
Q

Acute phase of T. gondii?

A

asexual reproduction in blood of I.H.

21
Q

Sexual reproduction of T. gondii?

A

in intestinal cells of D.H.

22
Q

How can marine mammals be infected?

A
  • Ingestion of oocysts washed into marine environments from land via coastal runoff.
  • mollusks and plants can act as mechanical vectors (= no support of T. gondii development, but transport-function)
  • marine mammals can eat contaminated fish or invertebrates
23
Q

Transmission of T. gondii

A
  • Horizontal: Ingestion of oocyst-contaminated food or water.
  • Vertical: Transplacental transmission documented in marine mammals like bottlenose dolphins and monk seals​
24
Q

Diagnosis of T. gondii?

A
  • Histology: Detection of cysts and lesions in formalin-fixed tissues.
  • Immunohistochemistry: To confirm presence in tissues.
  • PCR: Analysis of CNS, heart, and other tissues (fresh, refrigerated, or frozen).
  • Serology: Epidemiological studies using serum​
25
Q

What is a parasite?

A

A parasite is an organism living in (endoparasite) or on (ectoparasite) an other organism (the host). It feeds and acquires nutrients or benefits from the host and brings pathogenic effects.
Their relationship is “with damage” for the host.

26
Q

What is a host?

A

The organism the parasite lives in or on

27
Q

Mention or explain 4 kinds of relationships between organisms.

A
  • There is relationships with or without damage.
  • without damage: Mutualism (+/+) and Commensalism (+/0)
    with damage: “Predatorism” (+/-) and Parasitism (+/-), where parasite benefits from host and thereby harms the host
28
Q

What are the main forms of Parasitism?

A
  • obligate parasites: the parasite depends on host (permanently, periodically, temporary)
  • facultative: parasite can also survive without the host
  • accidental: e.g. Anisakis is an accidental parasite for humans, when they eat uncooked fish that contained larvae
29
Q

What is the difference between endoparasitism and ectoparasitism?

A
  • Endoparasitism is when the parasite lives in the host’s body
  • Ectoparasitism is when the parasite lives on the skin or the extremal body of the host (e.g. carapace)
30
Q

What is

  • Polyparasitism
  • Pseudoparasitism
A
  • Polyparasitism when there is more than one parasite cohabiting a host
  • Pseudoparasitism when a parasite of another species is accidentally ingested by a host –> parasite doesn’t take roots in the host
31
Q

What are the main categories of parasites based on their Life cycle?

A
  • monoxenous = direct LC (only D.H.) with or without a free phase in the external environment
  • eteroxenous = indirect LC (with 1 or >1 I.H.)
32
Q

What are the main categories of host and explain them?

A
  • Intermediate host: They are required for the completion of a parasite’s life cycle.
  • Definitive host: They are essential to the completion of an organism’s life cycle and usually hosts the adult stage of the organism to reach sexual maturity.
  • Paratenic host: They are not necessarily for the life cycle of the organism but can hist them for a long period of time without them undergoing any significant development
33
Q

What are the determinants of a disease?

A
  • Etiological agents
  • Host
  • Environment
34
Q

Under each determinant of a disease, state or describe the factors.

A
  • Etiological agents can also be termed as the primary factors and they include endo/ecto parasites, the type of life cycle it undergoes, its virulence and the organs they target.
  • Host also known as the internal factors include the age, the species, its immunocompetence and nutritional status of the host.
  • Environment also known as the external factors. This ranges from the environmental conditions, climate change, temperature, and other physicochemical parameters.
35
Q

Mention some epibionts of sea turtles that are linked to their immune system alteration and other diseases.

A
  • Barnacles
  • Amphipods
  • Polychaetes
  • Molluscs
36
Q

Write short notes on Leeches

A
  • primary host: loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)
  • they cause:
  1. severe skin lesions
  2. deep cutaneous erosions
  3. severe eye injuries
  4. death (in severe cases)
  • they are vectors for transmitting many infectious diseases
  • direct LC
  • stay as permanent damaging parasite
37
Q

Write short notes on Sulcascaris sulcata

A
  • nematodes
  • D.H.: Loggerhead Seaturtles, green turtles, Kemp’s Ridley turtles (in stomach)
  • Distribution in warm marine waters (Pacific, Atlantic, Caribbean, Mediterranean)
  • indirect LC with benthonic I.H.: mollusks and gastropods
  • they causee
  1. ulcers
  2. gastritis
  3. lesions (severity increases with parasite load)
38
Q

Write short notes on Blood flukes (spirorchiids) in sea turtles

A
  • endoparasite
  • flatworms
  • infect marine and freshwater turtles
  • adult worms present in blood vessels
  • eggs migrate through host’s body
  • indirect LC
  • D.H.: neritic species (feeding in shallow waters)
  • I.H.: gastropods and annelids
  • they cause:
  1. lesions
  2. granulomatous inflammation
  3. thrombosis

Marine Pathology - all (18 decks)

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