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Marine Pathology - all > Marcer 4 - Fish Parasites and PMI > Flashcards

Marcer 4 - Fish Parasites and PMI Flashcards

1
Q

What is parasitosis in fish?

A

The presence of parasites in fish in their natural habitat.

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2
Q

What constitutes a parasitic disease in fish?

A

The presence of parasites in fish combined with predisposing factors in the host and environment.

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3
Q

What are the biotic components influencing disease development in fish?

A

Host factors and pathogen factors

Host factors include nutrition, immune competence, age, and species. Pathogen factors include pathogenicity, life cycle type, and replication speed.

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4
Q

What are the abiotic components influencing disease development in fish?

A

Environmental factors like temperature, oxygen, pH, and ammonia.

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5
Q

What fish farming practices promote the development of parasitic diseases?

A

Introduction of parasitized fish without quarantine, overcrowding, poor water quality, and improper handling.

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6
Q

How does overcrowding in fish tanks contribute to parasitic diseases?

A

It supports direct-cycle parasites like Cryptocaryon irritans, Amyloodinium ocellatum, and monogenean parasites.

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7
Q

What water characteristics increase the risk of parasitic infections in fish farms?

A

High ammonia levels, poor water exchange, and unsuitable temperatures.

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8
Q

What structural characteristics of fish farms can promote parasitic diseases?

A

Presence of benthic organisms or mollusc gastropods as intermediate hosts.

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9
Q

What general symptoms indicate a parasitic disease in fish?

A

Sudden mortality without symptoms, anorexia, respiratory disorders, and swimming alterations.

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10
Q

What skin lesions may indicate parasitic diseases in fish?

A

Visible parasites, dropsy, hemorrhages, ulcers, and ‘cotton-like’ material.

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11
Q

What gill lesions may indicate parasitic infections in fish?

A

Anemia, hyperproduction of mucus, necrosis, and presence of ‘cotton-like’ material.

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12
Q

What eye lesions can be associated with parasitic diseases in fish?

A

Exophthalmia, keratitis, ulceration, hemorrhage, and cataracts.

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13
Q

How should fish samples be transported for parasitological analysis?

A

Refrigerated at +4°C or kept cool with ice, avoiding direct contact, and analyzed within 12-24 hours.

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14
Q

What preservation methods are used for histological analysis of fish?

A

Fish or organs preserved in 10% neutral phosphate-buffered formalin.

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15
Q

What is the preferred solution for preserving parasites for identification?

A

70% ethanol solution.

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16
Q

What is Amyloodinium ocellatum?

A

A parasitic dinoflagellate causing velvet disease.

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17
Q

What conditions promote the life cycle of Amyloodinium ocellatum?

A
  • Temperatures of 16-30°C
  • salinity of 12-45‰. (marine + euryhaline)
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18
Q

What is Cryptocaryon irritans?

A

A ciliate causing white spot disease.

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19
Q

What management strategies prevent Cryptocaryon irritans outbreaks?

A

Quarantine, UV water treatment, disinfection of tools, and regular cleaning of tank bottoms.

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20
Q

What are histiophagous ciliates?

A

Facultative parasites affecting skin and internal organs.

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21
Q

What is Neobenedenia melleni?

A

A monogenean parasite infecting eyes, skin, fins, gills, and nasal cavity.

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22
Q

What is Sparicotyle chrysophrii?

A

A hematophagous parasite causing anemia in marine fish.

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23
Q

What is Kudoa thyrsites?

A

A myxosporean parasite causing ‘soft flesh’ syndrome in marine fish.

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24
Q

What diagnostic techniques are used for fish parasitic diseases?

A

Macroscopic and microscopic examination, PCR, and histological analysis.

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25
Q

How can fish parasitic diseases impact the economy?

A

Through direct losses and indirect losses.

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26
Q

What is the role of biosecurity in fish farms?

A

Limiting unauthorized access and maintaining hygiene standards.

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27
Q

What are examples of zoonotic risks from fish parasites?

A

Diseases like anisakiasis.

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28
Q

How does climate change influence parasitic diseases in aquaculture?

A

By altering parasite life cycles and increasing outbreaks.

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29
Q

What are the benefits of vaccination in aquaculture health management?

A

Prevention of parasitic infections and reduction in treatment costs.

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30
Q

How can probiotics help manage fish parasites?

A

By enhancing fish immunity and outcompeting pathogens.

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31
Q

What is Myxobolus cerebralis?

A

A parasite affecting fish neurological and skeletal systems.

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32
Q

What symptoms does Myxobolus cerebralis cause?

A

Skeletal deformities and erratic swimming behavior.

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33
Q

What is Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich)?

A

A ciliate protozoan causing ‘white spot disease’.

34
Q

How can Ichthyophthirius multifiliis outbreaks be prevented?

A

Quarantine and treat fish with salt baths or formalin.

35
Q

What are Argulus spp. (Fish Lice)?

A

Ectoparasitic crustaceans that attach to skin and gills.

36
Q

How can Argulus spp. infestations be controlled?

A

Regular tank cleaning and chemical treatments.

37
Q

What is Saprolegnia spp.?

A

A fungal pathogen causing saprolegniasis.

38
Q

How can saprolegniasis be prevented?

A

Maintain water quality and reduce stress factors.

39
Q

What is Trichodina spp.?

A

A protozoan ectoparasite causing irritation in fish.

40
Q

What are the symptoms of Hexamita spp. (Hole-in-the-Head Disease)?

A

Skin pits on the head, weight loss, and lethargy.

41
Q

What is Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Sea Louse)?

A

A copepod parasite causing lesions on skin.

42
Q

What are the key strategies in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for fish parasites?

A

Use of cleaner fish and rotational treatments.

43
Q

What diagnostic techniques are used for Cryptocaryon irritans?

A

Microscopic examination and molecular diagnostics.

44
Q

What is Enteromyxum leei?

A

A parasite causing acute disease in sea bream juveniles.

45
Q

How does Enterospora nucleophila affect fish?

A

It causes emaciation and lethargy.

46
Q

What public health risks are associated with fish parasites?

A

Transmission of zoonotic diseases.

47
Q

How does climate change affect fish parasitic diseases?

A

It alters parasite life cycles and increases outbreak frequency.

48
Q

What are the economic benefits of parasite prevention in fish farming?

A

Lower mortality rates and higher market value.

49
Q

What is the role of vaccination in aquaculture health?

A

Reduces prevalence of parasitic diseases.

50
Q

What are biosecurity measures in aquaculture?

A

Limiting unauthorized access and disinfecting tools.

51
Q

What role does quarantine play in preventing fish diseases?

A

Isolates new fish for 2-4 weeks.

52
Q

How can portable PCR devices benefit aquaculture?

A

Enable on-site pathogen detection.

53
Q

What impact does climate change have on fish parasitic diseases?

A

Increases outbreaks and alters life cycles.

54
Q

What are zoonotic risks from fish parasites?

A

Diseases like anisakiasis can be transmitted to humans.

55
Q

How can collaboration improve aquaculture practices?

A

Sharing knowledge among farmers, researchers, and policymakers.

56
Q

What is the importance of cleaner fish in aquaculture?

A

They naturally control external parasites.

57
Q

What tools are used in real-time aquaculture health monitoring?

A

Sensors for water quality and drones for inspections.

58
Q

How can education improve parasite management in aquaculture?

A

Training farmers on best practices.

59
Q

What are the final takeaways for managing fish parasitic diseases?

A

Prevention, innovation, and collaboration.

60
Q

What is the life cycle of Neobenedenia melleni?

A

A direct life cycle with filamented eggs.

61
Q

What are the symptoms caused by Neobenedenia melleni in fish?

A

Corneal opacity, skin lesions, and blindness.

62
Q

What is Sparicotyle chrysophrii, and what impact does it have?

A

A hematophagous gill parasite causing anemia.

63
Q

How does Zeuxapta seriolae affect greater amberjack in aquaculture?

A

It causes anemia and loss of equilibrium.

64
Q

What is the role of intermediate hosts in the Cardicola spp. life cycle?

A

Polychaetes, bivalves, and gastropods serve as intermediate hosts.

65
Q

What are Caligus spp., and why are they significant?

A

Parasitic copepods affecting marine fish.

66
Q

What is Enteromyxum leei, and what are its effects on sea bream?

A

A parasite causing acute disease and chronic cachexia.

67
Q

How is Enteromyxum leei diagnosed?

A

Using histology or PCR.

68
Q

What is Enterospora nucleophila?

A

A microsporidian parasite causing emaciation.

69
Q

What are the external and internal signs of Enterospora nucleophila infection?

A

External: Lethargy, cachexia. Internal: Thinned intestinal walls.

70
Q

What are the symptoms of Cryptocaryon irritans?

A

Small white spots on skin and lethargy.

71
Q

How can fish farmers manage Cryptocaryon irritans infections?

A

Quarantine, UV water treatment, and regular tank cleaning.

72
Q

What factors influence the development of parasitic diseases in fish farming?

A

Introduction of infected fish, overcrowding, and poor water quality.

73
Q

What steps should be taken for sample preservation during parasitological analysis?

A

Refrigeration at +4°C and preserving in formalin.

74
Q

What is the significance of biosecurity in aquaculture?

A

It minimizes pathogen entry and spread.

75
Q

How does climate change impact parasitic diseases in aquaculture?

A

It increases outbreaks and affects fish susceptibility.

76
Q

What tools are used for modern aquaculture health management?

A

Real-time water quality sensors and portable PCR devices.

77
Q

How do histiophagous ciliates affect fish?

A

They cause mortality by damaging skin and internal organs.

78
Q

Why is vaccination important in aquaculture?

A

It helps prevent parasitic diseases.

79
Q

What tools are used for modern aquaculture health management?

A

Real-time water quality sensors, portable PCR devices, and AI-based imaging systems for diagnostics.

These technologies enhance monitoring and management of aquaculture environments.

80
Q

How do histiophagous ciliates affect fish?

A

They are rapidly replicating parasites causing mortality by damaging skin and internal organs.

This can lead to significant losses in aquaculture operations.

81
Q

Why is vaccination important in aquaculture?

A

It helps prevent parasitic diseases, reducing mortality and treatment costs.

Vaccination is a proactive measure to enhance fish health and farm productivity.

82
Q

What is the role of training and education in aquaculture health?

A

It equips farmers with best practices for parasite prevention and sustainable fish farming.

Educated farmers are more likely to implement effective health management strategies.

Marine Pathology - all (18 decks)

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