Q4 BIO Flashcards
Mode of reproduction that does not involve the use of
gametes or sex cells
Asexual reproduction
Mode of reproduction that involves the use of gametes or
sex cells
Sexual reproduction
A type of asexual reproduction involving the division of the body into two or more equal parts
Fission
A type of asexual reproduction where the body breaks into two
or more parts, with each fragment capable of becoming a complete individual; in animals, and is usually followed by regeneration where the missing parts are produced. For example, a lost arm of the starfish may be regenerated by mitotic cell divisions.
Fragmentation
A type of asexual reproduction where a new individual arises as an outgrowth from its parent, develops organs like those of the parent, and then detaches itself.
Budding
A type of asexual reproduction where a new individual forms from
an aggregation of cells surrounded by a resistant capsule, which later on germinates
Sporulation
Fusion of similar gametes which are usually motile.
Isogamy
Fusion of dissimilar gametes. In oogamy, a large immotile gamete,
the egg, is fertilized by a small motile gamete, the sperm.
Heterogamy
This type of sexual reproduction involving the union of
gametes from two genetically different parents.
Bisexual reproduction
An individual with both male and female reproductive tissues.
In animals “self-fertilization” is not common. In worms, a male needs to donate sperm to fertilize the oocytes in its body.
Hermaphrodite
TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Fission
Fragmentation
Budding
Sporulation
FFBS
What type of reproduction: Paramecium
Fission
What type of reproduction: Hydra
Budding
What type of reproduction: filamentous alga, i.e. Spirogyra or Oedogonium, and a detached starfish arm growing lost parts as example
Fragmentation
What type of reproduction: fungus, i.e. Rhizopus; very rare in animals and is only exhibited in some organism like sponges.
Sporulation
TYPES OF UNION OF GAMETES
Isogamy
Heterogamy
UNION OF GAMETES. Chlamydomonas producing gametes or Spirogyra undergoing conjugation as example; may involve either flagellated gametes (as in the case of Chlamydomonas) or non-flagellated cells or structures (as in the case of Spirogyra)
Isogamy
UNION OF GAMETES. animal sperm and egg as examples
Isogamy
SPECIAL TERMS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Bisexual reproduction
Hermaphrodites
What type of reproduction: humans, and papaya among others.
Bisexual reproduction
barnacles; worms
Hermaphrodites
Offspring is genetically identical to the parent, which means the offspring is a CLONE of the parent.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Generally, it produces variation in the offspring because this results in the recombination of genomes from the parents’ gametes.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
GAMETOGENESIS invloves:
Formation of gametes
Spermatogenesis - sperm production
oogenesis - ovum production
Fertilization
It is the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon and results in a unicellular diploid zygote.
Cleavage
- involves a series of mitotic divisions to produce a multicellular blastula from a unicellular zygote.
- begins with the zygote and ends with the blastocyst.
three germ layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
hollow cluster of cells is called a ____
blastula
Gastrulation
formation of three germ layers that will each give rise to specific tissues and organs.
organogenesis
Show fates of each germ layer in a typical vertebrate animal
solid ball of cluster of cells is called ____
Morula
Identification. Contains one or more ovules
Ovary
Identification. male reproductive structure
stamen
Identification. outer parts of flowers that are usually bright colored
petals
Identification. female reproductive structure
pistil/carpel
Identification. protects the flower it is still in bud
sepals
Identification. hold the anther
filament
Identification. pollen is produced here
Anther
Identification. receives the pollen
stigma
Identification. leads from the stigma to a structure at the base of the carpel
style
Identification. the stalk that bears the flower
pedicel
the fates of the cells are beginning to be determined. The cells started as totipotent in cleavage, but as the cells are moved around through morphogenetic movements, they become more specialized in terms of their fates as they get assigned to specific germ layers.
Gastrulation
GERM LAYERS. Nervous system (brain and spinal cord), epidermis, sense organs
Ectoderm
GERM LAYERS. muscles, bones, cartilage, circulatory, excretory, and reproductive organs
Mesoderm
GERM LAYERS. digestive and respiratory organs, endocrine glands, germ
cells and gametes
Endoderm
