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ANATG > Q2 Exam 1 > Flashcards

Q2 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cingulum

A

hip/shoulder

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2
Q

stylopod

A

femur/humerus

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3
Q

zeugopod

A

tibia and fibula/ulna and radius

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4
Q

what embryonic areas give rise to the limbs?

A

dermatome, hypaxial myotome, somatic component of lateral plate mesoderm

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5
Q

what do hox genes determine

A

where limb buds form and what limb will develop in each location

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6
Q

t-box genes

A

determine limb identity (tbx5-fore, tbx4-hind)

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7
Q

AER

A

apical ectodermal ridge at the dorsoventral border of tip of bud, induces proliferation

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8
Q

PZ

A

progress zone, area of proliferation just proximal to AER

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9
Q

ZPA

A

zone of polarizing activity, mesenchymal cells that gives cranial/caudal identity to limb (sonic hedgehog gradient)

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10
Q

horse and camelid digit reduction

A

post-patterning changes

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11
Q

cattle and swine digit reduction

A

patterning changes, shifts axis of foot between digits 3 and 4

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12
Q

what is the limb movement description for the fetlock joint when the horse is standing?

A

over-extension

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13
Q

plantigrade

A

metacarpals on ground

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14
Q

digitigrade

A

carpals on ground

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15
Q

unguligrade

A

most distal digits only on ground

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16
Q

periosteum

A

CT surrounding bones/ joints

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17
Q

suture joints

A

joints between skull bones, very rigid

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18
Q

gomphosis

A

dento-alveolar joint

19
Q

syndesmosis

A

between sacrum and os coxae, mostly rigid

20
Q

ruffini endings/ corpuscle

A

nerves that respond to stretch, register speed and direction at the joint

21
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

nerves that mediate position sense and muscle tension at the tendon

22
Q

muscle spindle fibers

A

nerves that sense muscle length and velocity locate on muscle fibers

23
Q

hip displaysia

A

muscle mass around the hip joint does not increase rapidly enough for rapid bone growth

24
Q

articularis coxae

A

small muscle that pulls hip joint capsule to the side to keep it from being pinched during movement

25
Q

caudofemoralis

A

feline specific, between tail and hip

26
Q

caudal crural abductor (tenuissimus = feline)

A

carnivorans specific, tiny in lab, under biceps femoris

27
Q

fabellae

A

sesamoid bones in proximal heads of gastrocnemius

28
Q

tendon of popliteus

A

moves stifle joint capsule so no pinching occurs during flexion

29
Q

what is different about the patellar ligament in horses?

A

there are three, an intermediate, lateral, and medial, engage during “locking” of patella

30
Q

spinal level origin of femoral nerve

A

L4-6 spinal nn.

31
Q

peroneus tertius

A

connects stifle and hock to extend simultaneously in horses and cows, bifurcates at hock

32
Q

laminitis

A

inflammatory process of the dermal lamella that eventually leads to detachment of the 3rd phalanx) often result of infrequent hoof trimming

33
Q

hyaline cartilage defining characteristics

A

isogenous groups, often perichondrium, ECM is PG and type I collagen

34
Q

elastic cartilage defining characteristics

A

isogenous groups, always perichondrium, ECM is PG, type I collagen and ELASTIC FIBERS

35
Q

fibrocartilage defining characteristics

A

no isogenous groups, no perichondrium, looks like dense CT except rounder cells, lots of type I collagen in ECM

36
Q

articular cartilage

A

type of hyaline cartilage that has no perichondrium and a smooth surface to reduce friction (dense staining surface)

37
Q

woven bone

A

immature initial form, poorly organized type I collagen, weak

38
Q

lamellar bone

A

replaces woven bone, strong and well organized type I collagen

39
Q

trabecular bone

A

spongy bone at the center of long bone, facilitates calcium ion exchange and contains wither red or yellow marrow

40
Q

osteoid

A

initial organic component synthesized by osteoblasts, calcifies with vitamin D

41
Q

canaliculi

A

bone channels in ECM that have processes of osteocytes through them

42
Q

ruffled border

A

portion of an osteoclast in direct contact with bone actively breaking down ECM and reabsorbing calcium

43
Q

parathyroid hormone effect on bone

A

promotes reabsorption of calcium into the blood by osteoclasts

44
Q

calcitonin

A

slow bone resorbing activity by osteoclasts

ANATG (8 decks)

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