Q1 Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the peritoneum derived from in fetal development
A
visceral lateral plate mesoderm
2
Q
what happens to the RAPIDLY developing midgut during embryo development
A
herniates into the umbilical cord
3
Q
cardia
A
esophageal opening to stomach
4
Q
fundus
A
enlarged portion of the stomach near cardia (gastric juices)
5
Q
pylorus and antrum
A
entryway to small intestine in stomach
6
Q
rugae
A
gastric folds can increase surface area of lumen
7
Q
gastric parietal cells
A
produce HCl and gastric intrinsic factor, look like fried eggs (central nucleus)
8
Q
gastric chief cells
A
release pepsinogen, rennin and gastric lipase, initiate protein digestion (basal nucleus, apical granules)
9
Q
intracellular canaliculus
A
microvilli lined invagination into parietal cells
10
Q
what regions of the carnivoran stomach have mucous glands only
A
cardia and pylorus
11
Q
margo plicatus
A
line in hindgut fermentators that divides the non-glandular and glandular portions of the stomach
12
Q
proventriculus
A
rumen, reticulum, omasum (all non-glandular)
13
Q
What can you auscultate at the 8th thoracic vertebrae of a cow?
A
reticulum
14
Q
What can you auscultate at the 10th thoracic vertebrae of a cow?
A
atrium rumini, omasum (abomasum??)
15
Q
What can you auscultate at the 13th thoracic vertebrae of a cow?
A
dorsal and ventral sacs of rumen, omasum??, abomasum
16
Q
Function of the omasum?
A
Contracts to squeeze fluid from ingesta between laminae = absorption
17
Q
How do newborn calves process milk?
A
Reticulo-omasal orifice shunts milk from esophagus directly to abomasum
18
Q
What does the greater omentum form from in development?
A
Dorsal mesogastrium
19
Q
major duodenal papilla
A
where common bile duct and main pancreatic duct meet and drain into duodenum
20
Q
brunner’s glands
A
in first part of duodenum, secrete alkaline mucous that raises pH of ingesta (drain into crypts of lieberkuln)
21
Q
hepatoduodenal ligament
A
holds the vessels at the hilum of the liver, portal vein, hepatic arteries, common bile duct
22
Q
perisinusoidal space
A
space between endothelial cells on the sinusoid side and hepatocytes, site of fluid exchange in liver
23
Q
sphincter of Oddi
A
at major duodenal papilla, releases bile from gull bladder via common bile duct
24
Q
epithelial pockets
A
characterizes gallbladder
25
what species has no gallbladder?
equine
26
pancreatic acinar cells
secrete digestive juices into the duodenum
27
islets of langerhans
lighter spots of cells that secrete glucagon (A) and insulin (B) in the pancreas
28
plica circularis
circular folds that are non-distensible along small intestine, increase SA to aid in absorption
29
lacteal
specialized lymphatic structure in lamina propria that carries fats away from surface epithelium in villi
30
what prevents self digestion in the small intestine?
Mucus from goblet cells
31
major characteristics of small intestine enterocytes
very tight junctions, lots of lateral enfoldings, glycocalyx
32
GALT
gut-associated lymphoid tissue that provided host defense, concentrated in the ileum, stain dark purple in lamina propria in entire intestine
33
where is the orifice that leads to the cecum in carnivorans?
opens into ascending colon
34
what is absorbed in the colon?
Water, vitamins and electrolytes
35
Tenia coli
Line down center of colon, continuation of outer muscular layer (cows and horses only)
36
myenteric (auerbach's) plexus
enterics between layers of smooth muscle
37
submucosal (meissner's) plexus
enterics in the submucosa
38
hirschprung's disease
aka congenital megacolon, failure of neural crest to form enteric nervous system, proximal colon enlarges and accumulates fecal matter
39
far caudal vertebrae appearance
only have the body
40
pelvic symphasis
ventral joining of the coxal bones in the pelvis, semi-mobile
41
synarthrosis
joint that has no movement or cartilage anymore, basically a single bone
42
amphiarthrosis
semi-mobile joint
43
diarthrosis
mobile, true articulation to form joint
44
What do horse and cattle kidneys look like under gross examination
horse- heart
cattle- grapes
45
bicornis
organization of the uterus in domestic mammals, two opens horns partially connected
46
fornix vaginae
indentation on sides of cervix from vaginal side, need to make sure during AI not here
47
parent artery of the ovarian/ testicular arteries
aorta
48
what sex glands do horses and bulls have?
ampullary, vesicular, prostate, bulbourethral
49
what sex glands do boars have?
vesicular, prostate, bulbourethral
50
what sex glands do dogs have?
ampullary, prostate
51
what sex glands do cats have?
ampullary, prostate, bulbourethral
52
three layers of the testicular wall
parietal vaginal tunic, visceral vaginal tunic, tunica albuginea (shiny capsule)
53
seminiferous tubules
site of spermatogenesis inside testis
54
testicular interstitial tissue
site of steroidigenesis inside testis
55
what temperature is required for spermatogenesis
33 C
56
What parts of the testicular wall are responsible for heating and cooling the testis
pampiniform plexus, thin scrotal skin, dartos, cremaster
57
why do we offset pinching castration in the burdizzo method
to preserve blood supply to the scrotal skin
58
sigmoid flexure
kink in the internal fibroelastic penis
59
penis corona
only on horse glans, "crown" around tip
60
what happens to the cavernous bodies in the glans of the canine penis
they join together into a single cavernous body
61
male and female "tying" parts
bulbus glandis and
62
what muscle is more developed in animals with a sigmoid flexure?
retractor penis
63
what is different about the penile urethra in ruminants?
Urethral process projects from the glans (attached to outside bending caudally in bulls)
64
what muscles are involved in interrupting venous drainage during erection
ischiourethralis and ischiocavernosus
65
persistent prepuce frenulum
when the ligament that keeps bulls from getting erect doesn't break during puberty
66
What kidney structure do cattle have?
Multilobar
67
What kidney structure do pigs have?
multipyramidal
68
What kidney structure to the majority of domestic mammals have? (except cattle and pigs)
unilobar
69
area cribosa
openings of papillary ducts to minor calyx on the surface of a renal papilla
70
pedicels
secondary processes that come off of podocytes in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule, form filtration mesh of renal corpuscle
71
What are the three parts of the glomerular filtration apparatus?
podocyte filtration slits, then glomerular basement membrane (thick basal membrane of fibers), fenestrated glomerular endothelium. All size selective, middle layer is ion selective
72
calcitrol
secretion of the proximal tubule in the nephron, increases reuptake of calcium
73
how does the vasa recta interact with the thin loop of henle?
countercurrent exchange transport of fluid into blood, concentrates urine
74
where is erythropoietin secreted?
from the efferent arteriole in the kidneys (post-glomerulus)
75
macula densa
specialized cells in the wall of the distal tubule that monitor sodium concentration in ultrafiltrate
76
juxtaglomerular cells
secrete renin into the renal capillaries when macula densa detects low sodium levels
77
What are the two types of cells in the collecting duct epithelium?
light cells: stimulated by ADH to provide water permeability
dark cells: involved in acid-base balance
78
juxtamedullary nephrons
long loops, concentrate urine, extend fully into outer medulla
79
cortical nephrons
short loops, perform mostly filtration/absorption, only reaches inner stripe of outer medulla
80
where are transitional epithelium found?
in the ureters, bladder, and proximal urethra BONUS: secrete lipid urothelial plaques
81
detrusor muscle
thick, multidirectional muscle of the urinary bladder wall
82
sertoli cells
somatic cells that form the blood testis barrier, selective multidirectional secretion, phagocytize bad germ cells
83
leydig cells
cells in interstitial tissue of the testis, secrete androgens
84
ampullary glands
secretion maintains sperm viability, can calcify to form corpora arenacea, red cells with calcifications
85
vesicular glands
alkaline and coagulating proteins, spider web looking
86
prostate
semen liquefaction, pink and blue with some concentric circular calcifications
87
bulbourethral glands
urethral cleaning and lubrication before ejaculation, pink with small lumens
88
lutein cells (differentiate between two kinds)
lutein cells are active in secreting progesterone during the lutein phase (granulosa has more space between cells, theca has less space between cells)
89
peg cells
specialized cells in the uterine tubes that secrete fluid for survival of sperm, oocyte and embryo
90
endometrium
inner epithelial layer of uterus
91
myometrium
large layer of mostly smooth muscle
92
mesometrium
broad ligament of the uterus, holds vasculature and suspends uterus
93
what type of cells lie just distal to the cervix?
stratified squamous epithelium
94
nonlactating mammary glands
not many ducts, dense connective tissue
95
lactating mammary glands
alveoli lobules abundant, loose connective tissue
96
primordial germ cells
derive from the epiblast and migrate down into the genital ridge, form primitive sex chords
97
What developmental tissue makes sertoli cells?
coelomic epithelial cells
98
Why does a hymen form in female embryonic development?
Joining of the urogenital sinus and paramesonephric ducts
99
gubernaculum
mesenchymal tissue that facilitates the descent of the testes into the scrotal sac. Becomes epididymis tail ligament
100
do lymphatic vessels have tight junctions?
No, cells overlap slightly instead, much more permeable than blood vessels
101
APCs, complex?, what do they activate?
antigen presenting cells, any infected cell can act as APC (innate response), also activated B lymphocytes (adaptive response), MHC I activates Tc lymphocytes
102
pAPCs
macrophages presenting antigens, MHC II activates Th and B lymphocytes
103
how does bone marrow change with age?
More adipocytes, hematopoietic efficiency decreases
104
epithelioreticular cells
specialized cells that form a framework in the thymus, help with education
105
high endothelial venule
found in the corticomedullary junction in lymphoid organs (except spleen), site for entrance and exit of lymphocytes
106
What type of T lymphocyte selection happens in the cortex and the medulla of the thymus?
cortex: positive selection for lymphocytes that bind MHC
medulla: negative selection for lymphocytes that don't bind host tissues
107
mantle zone
B lymphocyte darker staining region of lymph nodules
108
germinal center
lighter staining plasma cell center of lymph nodules when active
109
PALS
periarterial lymphatic sheath: Th lymphocytes aggregated around the central arteries in the spleen, look like white pulp
110
What does "closed circulation" in the spleen mean?
In dogs and cats, blood is dumped directly into the red pulp sinuses, which does slightly less filtering than putting blood in chords to filter
111
what levels of the spinal chord innervate the perineum
S2, 3, 4 keeps the penis off the floor (ventral rami via pudendal nerve)
112
what pathways do pain and non-pain take back to the CNS in the pelvis
BOTH follow parasympathetics back through DRG in S2,3,4
