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ANATG > Q1 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Q1 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the peritoneum derived from in fetal development

A

visceral lateral plate mesoderm

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2
Q

what happens to the RAPIDLY developing midgut during embryo development

A

herniates into the umbilical cord

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3
Q

cardia

A

esophageal opening to stomach

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4
Q

fundus

A

enlarged portion of the stomach near cardia (gastric juices)

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5
Q

pylorus and antrum

A

entryway to small intestine in stomach

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6
Q

rugae

A

gastric folds can increase surface area of lumen

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7
Q

gastric parietal cells

A

produce HCl and gastric intrinsic factor, look like fried eggs (central nucleus)

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8
Q

gastric chief cells

A

release pepsinogen, rennin and gastric lipase, initiate protein digestion (basal nucleus, apical granules)

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9
Q

intracellular canaliculus

A

microvilli lined invagination into parietal cells

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10
Q

what regions of the carnivoran stomach have mucous glands only

A

cardia and pylorus

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11
Q

margo plicatus

A

line in hindgut fermentators that divides the non-glandular and glandular portions of the stomach

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12
Q

proventriculus

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum (all non-glandular)

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13
Q

What can you auscultate at the 8th thoracic vertebrae of a cow?

A

reticulum

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14
Q

What can you auscultate at the 10th thoracic vertebrae of a cow?

A

atrium rumini, omasum (abomasum??)

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15
Q

What can you auscultate at the 13th thoracic vertebrae of a cow?

A

dorsal and ventral sacs of rumen, omasum??, abomasum

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16
Q

Function of the omasum?

A

Contracts to squeeze fluid from ingesta between laminae = absorption

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17
Q

How do newborn calves process milk?

A

Reticulo-omasal orifice shunts milk from esophagus directly to abomasum

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18
Q

What does the greater omentum form from in development?

A

Dorsal mesogastrium

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19
Q

major duodenal papilla

A

where common bile duct and main pancreatic duct meet and drain into duodenum

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20
Q

brunner’s glands

A

in first part of duodenum, secrete alkaline mucous that raises pH of ingesta (drain into crypts of lieberkuln)

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21
Q

hepatoduodenal ligament

A

holds the vessels at the hilum of the liver, portal vein, hepatic arteries, common bile duct

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22
Q

perisinusoidal space

A

space between endothelial cells on the sinusoid side and hepatocytes, site of fluid exchange in liver

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23
Q

sphincter of Oddi

A

at major duodenal papilla, releases bile from gull bladder via common bile duct

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24
Q

epithelial pockets

A

characterizes gallbladder

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25
Q

what species has no gallbladder?

A

equine

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26
Q

pancreatic acinar cells

A

secrete digestive juices into the duodenum

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27
Q

islets of langerhans

A

lighter spots of cells that secrete glucagon (A) and insulin (B) in the pancreas

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28
Q

plica circularis

A

circular folds that are non-distensible along small intestine, increase SA to aid in absorption

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29
Q

lacteal

A

specialized lymphatic structure in lamina propria that carries fats away from surface epithelium in villi

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30
Q

what prevents self digestion in the small intestine?

A

Mucus from goblet cells

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31
Q

major characteristics of small intestine enterocytes

A

very tight junctions, lots of lateral enfoldings, glycocalyx

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32
Q

GALT

A

gut-associated lymphoid tissue that provided host defense, concentrated in the ileum, stain dark purple in lamina propria in entire intestine

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33
Q

where is the orifice that leads to the cecum in carnivorans?

A

opens into ascending colon

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34
Q

what is absorbed in the colon?

A

Water, vitamins and electrolytes

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35
Q

Tenia coli

A

Line down center of colon, continuation of outer muscular layer (cows and horses only)

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36
Q

myenteric (auerbach’s) plexus

A

enterics between layers of smooth muscle

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37
Q

submucosal (meissner’s) plexus

A

enterics in the submucosa

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38
Q

hirschprung’s disease

A

aka congenital megacolon, failure of neural crest to form enteric nervous system, proximal colon enlarges and accumulates fecal matter

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39
Q

far caudal vertebrae appearance

A

only have the body

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40
Q

pelvic symphasis

A

ventral joining of the coxal bones in the pelvis, semi-mobile

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41
Q

synarthrosis

A

joint that has no movement or cartilage anymore, basically a single bone

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42
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

semi-mobile joint

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43
Q

diarthrosis

A

mobile, true articulation to form joint

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44
Q

What do horse and cattle kidneys look like under gross examination

A

horse- heart
cattle- grapes

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45
Q

bicornis

A

organization of the uterus in domestic mammals, two opens horns partially connected

46
Q

fornix vaginae

A

indentation on sides of cervix from vaginal side, need to make sure during AI not here

47
Q

parent artery of the ovarian/ testicular arteries

A

aorta

48
Q

what sex glands do horses and bulls have?

A

ampullary, vesicular, prostate, bulbourethral

49
Q

what sex glands do boars have?

A

vesicular, prostate, bulbourethral

50
Q

what sex glands do dogs have?

A

ampullary, prostate

51
Q

what sex glands do cats have?

A

ampullary, prostate, bulbourethral

52
Q

three layers of the testicular wall

A

parietal vaginal tunic, visceral vaginal tunic, tunica albuginea (shiny capsule)

53
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

site of spermatogenesis inside testis

54
Q

testicular interstitial tissue

A

site of steroidigenesis inside testis

55
Q

what temperature is required for spermatogenesis

A

33 C

56
Q

What parts of the testicular wall are responsible for heating and cooling the testis

A

pampiniform plexus, thin scrotal skin, dartos, cremaster

57
Q

why do we offset pinching castration in the burdizzo method

A

to preserve blood supply to the scrotal skin

58
Q

sigmoid flexure

A

kink in the internal fibroelastic penis

59
Q

penis corona

A

only on horse glans, “crown” around tip

60
Q

what happens to the cavernous bodies in the glans of the canine penis

A

they join together into a single cavernous body

61
Q

male and female “tying” parts

A

bulbus glandis and

62
Q

what muscle is more developed in animals with a sigmoid flexure?

A

retractor penis

63
Q

what is different about the penile urethra in ruminants?

A

Urethral process projects from the glans (attached to outside bending caudally in bulls)

64
Q

what muscles are involved in interrupting venous drainage during erection

A

ischiourethralis and ischiocavernosus

65
Q

persistent prepuce frenulum

A

when the ligament that keeps bulls from getting erect doesn’t break during puberty

66
Q

What kidney structure do cattle have?

A

Multilobar

67
Q

What kidney structure do pigs have?

A

multipyramidal

68
Q

What kidney structure to the majority of domestic mammals have? (except cattle and pigs)

A

unilobar

69
Q

area cribosa

A

openings of papillary ducts to minor calyx on the surface of a renal papilla

70
Q

pedicels

A

secondary processes that come off of podocytes in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule, form filtration mesh of renal corpuscle

71
Q

What are the three parts of the glomerular filtration apparatus?

A

podocyte filtration slits, then glomerular basement membrane (thick basal membrane of fibers), fenestrated glomerular endothelium. All size selective, middle layer is ion selective

72
Q

calcitrol

A

secretion of the proximal tubule in the nephron, increases reuptake of calcium

73
Q

how does the vasa recta interact with the thin loop of henle?

A

countercurrent exchange transport of fluid into blood, concentrates urine

74
Q

where is erythropoietin secreted?

A

from the efferent arteriole in the kidneys (post-glomerulus)

75
Q

macula densa

A

specialized cells in the wall of the distal tubule that monitor sodium concentration in ultrafiltrate

76
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

secrete renin into the renal capillaries when macula densa detects low sodium levels

77
Q

What are the two types of cells in the collecting duct epithelium?

A

light cells: stimulated by ADH to provide water permeability
dark cells: involved in acid-base balance

78
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

long loops, concentrate urine, extend fully into outer medulla

79
Q

cortical nephrons

A

short loops, perform mostly filtration/absorption, only reaches inner stripe of outer medulla

80
Q

where are transitional epithelium found?

A

in the ureters, bladder, and proximal urethra BONUS: secrete lipid urothelial plaques

81
Q

detrusor muscle

A

thick, multidirectional muscle of the urinary bladder wall

82
Q

sertoli cells

A

somatic cells that form the blood testis barrier, selective multidirectional secretion, phagocytize bad germ cells

83
Q

leydig cells

A

cells in interstitial tissue of the testis, secrete androgens

84
Q

ampullary glands

A

secretion maintains sperm viability, can calcify to form corpora arenacea, red cells with calcifications

85
Q

vesicular glands

A

alkaline and coagulating proteins, spider web looking

86
Q

prostate

A

semen liquefaction, pink and blue with some concentric circular calcifications

87
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

urethral cleaning and lubrication before ejaculation, pink with small lumens

88
Q

lutein cells (differentiate between two kinds)

A

lutein cells are active in secreting progesterone during the lutein phase (granulosa has more space between cells, theca has less space between cells)

89
Q

peg cells

A

specialized cells in the uterine tubes that secrete fluid for survival of sperm, oocyte and embryo

90
Q

endometrium

A

inner epithelial layer of uterus

91
Q

myometrium

A

large layer of mostly smooth muscle

92
Q

mesometrium

A

broad ligament of the uterus, holds vasculature and suspends uterus

93
Q

what type of cells lie just distal to the cervix?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

94
Q

nonlactating mammary glands

A

not many ducts, dense connective tissue

95
Q

lactating mammary glands

A

alveoli lobules abundant, loose connective tissue

96
Q

primordial germ cells

A

derive from the epiblast and migrate down into the genital ridge, form primitive sex chords

97
Q

What developmental tissue makes sertoli cells?

A

coelomic epithelial cells

98
Q

Why does a hymen form in female embryonic development?

A

Joining of the urogenital sinus and paramesonephric ducts

99
Q

gubernaculum

A

mesenchymal tissue that facilitates the descent of the testes into the scrotal sac. Becomes epididymis tail ligament

100
Q

do lymphatic vessels have tight junctions?

A

No, cells overlap slightly instead, much more permeable than blood vessels

101
Q

APCs, complex?, what do they activate?

A

antigen presenting cells, any infected cell can act as APC (innate response), also activated B lymphocytes (adaptive response), MHC I activates Tc lymphocytes

102
Q

pAPCs

A

macrophages presenting antigens, MHC II activates Th and B lymphocytes

103
Q

how does bone marrow change with age?

A

More adipocytes, hematopoietic efficiency decreases

104
Q

epithelioreticular cells

A

specialized cells that form a framework in the thymus, help with education

105
Q

high endothelial venule

A

found in the corticomedullary junction in lymphoid organs (except spleen), site for entrance and exit of lymphocytes

106
Q

What type of T lymphocyte selection happens in the cortex and the medulla of the thymus?

A

cortex: positive selection for lymphocytes that bind MHC
medulla: negative selection for lymphocytes that don’t bind host tissues

107
Q

mantle zone

A

B lymphocyte darker staining region of lymph nodules

108
Q

germinal center

A

lighter staining plasma cell center of lymph nodules when active

109
Q

PALS

A

periarterial lymphatic sheath: Th lymphocytes aggregated around the central arteries in the spleen, look like white pulp

110
Q

What does “closed circulation” in the spleen mean?

A

In dogs and cats, blood is dumped directly into the red pulp sinuses, which does slightly less filtering than putting blood in chords to filter

111
Q

what levels of the spinal chord innervate the perineum

A

S2, 3, 4 keeps the penis off the floor (ventral rami via pudendal nerve)

112
Q

what pathways do pain and non-pain take back to the CNS in the pelvis

A

BOTH follow parasympathetics back through DRG in S2,3,4

ANATG (8 decks)

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