Q1 Exam 2

Question 1

nuchal ligament

Answer 1

found in dogs and horses, connects supraspinous ligament to the caudal aspect of the skull

Question 2

conus medullaris and cauda equina

Answer 2

end of the spinal cord, normally before end of the vertebral column, roots that extend caudally are cauda equina

Question 3

foramen magnum

Answer 3

where the spinal cord meets the brain stem

Question 4

the tracheal muscle is _____ to the trachea

Answer 4

dorsal

Question 5

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 5

4: cranial, middle, caudal, accessory

Question 6

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 6

2: cranial, caudal

Question 7

pulmonary ligament

Answer 7

surrounds the hilum

Question 8

bronchial artery

Answer 8

supplies oxygenated blood for lung function

Question 9

thoracic duct

Answer 9

lymph duct that runs craniocaudally between the azygous vein and aorta, empties into cranial vena cava at ampulla

Question 10

equine lungs

Answer 10

“non-lobular”

Question 11

bovine lungs

Answer 11

same as dog, except no accessory

Question 12

porcine lungs

Answer 12

lobulated but less differentiated

Question 13

four layers of trachea cells under microscopy

Answer 13

mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria), submucosa, cartilaginous layer, adventitia

Question 14

four layers of secondary and tertiary bronchi under microscopy

Answer 14

mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria), smooth muscle, submucosa, cartilage

Question 15

terminal bronchioles

Answer 15

do not engage in gas exchange, distal conducting portion

Question 16

respiratory bronchioles

Answer 16

engage in gas exchange, beginning of respiratory portion

Question 17

pneumocyte I

Answer 17

thin cells, barrier between air space and septal wall

Question 18

pneumocyte II

Answer 18

cuboidal, secrete surfactant from lamelar bodies

Question 19

clara cells

Answer 19

appear in epithelium of bronchioles, secrete lipoprotein

Question 20

thick region vs thin region of alveoli

Answer 20

thick- connective tissue w/ macrophages
thin- air-blood barrier and responsible for gas exchange

Question 21

interventricular sulcus

Answer 21

groove on outside of heart between ventricles (left = paraconal groove, right = subsinuosal groove)

Question 22

coronary sulcus

Answer 22

groove on outside of heart between auricles and ventricular wall

Question 23

pectinate muscles

Answer 23

fiber looking muscles that contract atrial walls

Question 24

parts of AV valves

Answer 24

cusps, chordae tendinae, papillary muscles

Question 25

trabecula septomarginalis

Answer 25

moderator band usually only in right ventricle, synchronizes ventricular contraction

Question 26

trabeculae carneae

Answer 26

in ventricles, likely keeps walls from suctioning onto each other

Question 27

where to auscultate pulmonary valve

Answer 27

left 3rd intercostal space

Question 28

where to auscultate aortic valve

Answer 28

left 4th intercostal space

Question 29

where to auscultate mitral (bicuspid) valve

Answer 29

left 5th intercostal space

Question 30

where to auscultate tricuspid valve

Answer 30

right 3-5th intercostal space

Question 31

cardiac plexus

Answer 31

deep- right s. trunk, vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve superficial- left s. trunk, vagus nerve

Question 32

Septum transversum

Answer 32

sits between cardiac region and amnion, becomes diaphragm

Question 33

conus cordia

Answer 33

forms from bulbus cordus, will become aorta/pulmonary trunk

Question 34

endocardial cushions

Answer 34

fuse during atrioventricular septation, splits atrioventricular canal into R and L

Question 35

foramen ovale

Answer 35

bottom of the septum secundum, bypasses between atria remnant: fossa ovalis

Question 36

interventricular foramen

Answer 36

connects ventricles until aortic and pulmonary outflow is complete

Question 37

ductus arteriosus

Answer 37

shunt from pulmonary trunk to aorta remnant: ligamentum arteriosum

Question 38

What are the three formed elements in blood?

Answer 38

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Question 39

romanovsky stains

Answer 39

eosin and methylene blue for blood smears

Question 40

diapedesis

Answer 40

junctions between epithelium in post capillary venules open quickly to allow WBCs into tissue

Question 41

neutrophil

Answer 41

neutral cytoplasm, granulocyte, most numerous, destroy bacteria

Question 42

eosinophil

Answer 42

pink cytoplasm, granulocyte, MBP antiparasitic (cat's eye)

Question 43

basophil

Answer 43

mast cell imposter, initiate inflammatory response, heparin and histamine

Question 44

lymphocyte

Answer 44

aganulocyte, large nucleus, fairly numerous

Question 45

monocyte

Answer 45

largest, agranulocyte, become macrophages