Q1 Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
anterograde axon transport
A
Away from cell body, can be fast or slow
2
Q
Retrograde axon transport
A
Towards cell body, always fast
3
Q
sarcolemma
A
plasma membrane of a muscle cell
4
Q
Transverse tubules
A
Extensions of the sarcolemma that carry action potential throughout the muscle cell
5
Q
sarcoplasmic reticulum
A
stores calcium in muscle cells, muscle contracts when the SR releases calcium because of an action potential
6
Q
Sat C
A
satellite cells are glia that form a ring around pseudounipolar cell bodies
7
Q
Astrocytes
A
Glial cells that support the blood brain barrier and form the glia limitans, the barrier between the pia mater and CNS
8
Q
Microglia
A
Basically neural phagocytes
9
Q
Schwann cells
A
PNS myelin sheaths for axons
10
Q
Oligodendrocytes
A
CNS myelin source
11
Q
epineurium
A
outermost fibrous coat that covers entire nerve
12
Q
perineurium
A
Surrounds just a bundle of nerve fibers
13
Q
endoneurium
A
envelops the myelin sheaths of individual axons (composed of reticular fibers produced by schwann cells
14
Q
myocyte
A
muscle cell
15
Q
sarcoplasm
A
muscle cell cytoplasm
16
Q
fascicle
A
bundles of muscle fibers or myelated axons
17
Q
basophilic stains
A
Acidic cell components and appear dark blue or purple (e.g. Hematoxylin)
18
Q
Acidophilic stains
A
Basic cell components and appear pink, red or orange (e.g. Eosin)
19
Q
Periodic-Acid Schiff Stain (PAS)
A
Stains carbohydrates (like glycoproteins) magenta or purple
20
Q
Trichrome stain
A
Stains collagen fibers blue or green
21
Q
Orcein stain
A
stains elastic fibers reddish-brown or black
22
Q
epimysium
A
around whole muscle, type I collagen
23
Q
Perimysium
A
Around fasicles, type I collagen
24
Q
Endomysium
A
around myocytes, other types of collagen
25
Triad
in a muscle fiber, two terminal cisternae and 1 t tubule, located at the junction of A and I bands
26
Function of muscle spindles and golgi tendon organ
Monitor changes in tension/length. Thus part of stretch reflex
27
Limited hyperplasia
The principle that muscle cells cannot really add cells, reason for scar tissue
28
Hypertrophy
when you work out the myocytes enlarge by eating satellite cells
29
Intercalated disks
Intercellular junctions ONLY found in cardiac muscle
30
Diad
Cardiac muscle, found at the z disc, only diad because less SR, when close up can only see SR on one side
31
Defining characteristic of smooth muscle under LM
corkscrew nucleus
32
Smooth muscle calveolae
membrane lumps that facilitate intake of Ca2+
33
Dense body
Where myofilaments cross in smooth muscle cells, also where actin is anchored
34
Multiunit contraction of smooth muscles
Each muscle unit contracts by itself, according to a single ANS neuron
35
Unitary contraction of smooth muscle
All cells contract as a unit bc GAP JUNCTIONS usually just modulated by ANS
36
contralateral
different sides of the median plane
37
ipsilateral
same side of the median plane
38
What are the leaflet names of the plasma membrane?
p-face (close to cytoplasm or protoplasm)
e-face (close to extracellular space)
39
pseudopodia
little fake feet that are formed by the cell membrane during endocytosis
40
constitutive exocytosis
continuous, not regulated so no "build up"
41
regulated exocytosis
Regulated by cell, often secretory vesicle build up
42
Euchromatin
unrolled, active transcription, electron lucent
43
heterochromatin
coiled DNA, not active, electron dense
44
cis face vs trans face of golgi apparatus
cis face to rER, trans face transports vesicles!!
45
What do lysosomes use to digest
Acid hydrolases
46
Vesiclular mitochondria
appear in steroid producing cells, have tubular christae
47
What are the three different types of inclusions
Pigment, glycogen, and lipids
48
What are the four main parts of microvilli structure?
Villin, actin filaments, the terminal web (actin) and intermediate filaments
49
Glycocalex
Secreted as a sugar film by epithelial cells, helps cell to absorb
50
What are the two main radial cross section arrangements of the cilia?
Base: "9 triplets" microtubules
Top: "9+2 arrangement" microtubules
51
Which microfilaments are associated with the Zonula Adherens and the Macula Adherents?
Intermediate junction: actin
Desmosomes: intermediate filaments
52
Focal adhesion
Spot weld on the basement membrane of epithelial cells, associated with actin
53
Basal lamina
Basement membrane secreted by epithelial cell
54
Reticular lamina
Basement membrane secreted by connective tissue
55
Where are transitional epithelium uniquely found in the body?
Urothelial membrane
56
Pseudostratified epithelium
All cells touch basement membrane, even though looks like it doesn't. Often respiratory tract (cilia present)
57
What are the two layers of tissue surrounding glands?
Parenchyma (ET) and Stroma (CT)
58
PGs
Part of CT ground substance, structure is a core protein surrounded by a GAG
59
What are the two common fibers in the ECM
Collagen and elastic
60
Type I Collagen
highest tensile strength, found in bone, teeth, ligaments, tendons, dermis, fibrocartilage
61
Type III Collagen
Delicate reticular fibers, filters fluid, found in lymph nodes and blood
62
Fibroblasts
Produce all ECM components, called fibrocyte when inactive
63
uniocular adipocyte
One giant lipid inclusion, "white fat"
64
multiocular adipocyte
Lots of little lipid inclusions, "brown fat", found in infants
65
Mast cells
cytoplasm has many dark granules of transmitters, ready to notify other cells to threat
66
Plasma cells
Synthesize and secrete antibodies, rER mainly
67
5 types of connective tissue
Loose (areolar), dense regular, dense irregular, adipose, reticular
68
Neuropile
Dense areas of glial cells, neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
69
Nissl bodies
mostly rER and free ribosomes, basophilic
70
Epidermis
top layer of epithelial cells in integument, basophilic
71
Dermis
Denser connective tissue under the epidermis
72
Hypodermis
Fat storage, contains large blood vessels, not part of skin layers
73
Rete apparatus
Holds epidermis and dermis together, interdigitations of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae
74
What determines thick skin vs thin skin?
The thickness of the EPIDERMIS
75
keratinocytes
skin cells
76
stratum corneum
most superficial layer of the epidermis, dead keratinized cells
77
stratum lucidum
second most superficial layer in THICK SKIN, possibly just artifact
78
stratum granulosum
Organelles digested, waterproofs skin
79
stratum spinosum
cuboidal or slightly flattened cells with central nucleus, nodes of bizzozero, langerhans cells
80
stratum basale
actively dividing cells, abundant free ribosomes, produce tonofilaments (intermediate filaments), location of melanocytes
81
Melanocytes
imbedded in basement membrane of stratum basale, process melanin and produce skin color
82
nodes of bizzozero
really just desmosomes between cells in stratum spinosum
83
keratohyalin
strengthens tonofibrils like concrete around ribar
84
lamellar bodies
discharge lipid envelope that waterproofs skin in stratum granulosum
85
desquamation
keratinized cells sloughing off the stratum corneum
86
langer lines
pattern of distribution of Type I collagen fibers in dermis, determines wrinkle lines
87
dermal papillary layer
loose connective tissue that interdigitates with epidermis
88
dermal reticular layer
Dense irregular CT, type I collagen, contains most gland/ follicle structures
89
Sebaceous glands
produce sebum, cradled by arrector pilli muscles
90
holocrine secretions
sebaceous glands cell is killed and sloughs off with sebum
91
Eccrine sweat glands
ducts open to skin surface, myoepithelial cells
92
merocrine secretion
big exocytosis, cells not damaged, sweat glands
93
apocrine sweat glands
contain pheromones, don't turn on until puberty, secretions odorless until metabolized by puberty
94
calveolae
Pinocytotic vesicles
