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独自のフラッシュカード > Q2 Bio - Biomolecules > Flashcards

Q2 Bio - Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Four categories of Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

Why is Carbon the central element?

A
  • Has 4 outer shell electrons, therefore its bonding capacity is great
  • Very stable once bound to other elements
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3
Q

True or False

All biomolecules contain a Carbon chain or ring

A

True

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4
Q

Carbon binds to what group in sugars?

A

OH Groups

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5
Q

Carbon binds to what group in Amino Acids?

A

NH2 Groups

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6
Q

Carbon binds to what groups of nucleotides of DNA, RNA, and ATP?

A

H2PO4 Groups

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7
Q

Carbonyl is characterized by

A

Carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O)

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8
Q

Hydroxyl is characterized by

A

Covalent bond between one H and one O atom

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9
Q

Carboxyl is characterized by

A

Two functional groups attached to a single C atom, namely, Hydroxyl and Carbonyl

Carboxyl is COOH

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10
Q

Amino group is characterized by

A

A single N atom bonded to two H atoms

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11
Q

Sulfhydryl is characterized by

A

an S atom bonded to an H atom

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12
Q

Phosphate is characterized by

A

a Phosphorus atom bonded to four Oxygen atoms, with three single bonds and one double bond

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13
Q

Methyl group is characterized by

A

a Carbon atom bonded to three Hydrogen atoms

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14
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same formula but different structures

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15
Q

Structural Isomer

A

Isomers with a difference in the C skeleton structure

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16
Q

Stereoisomer

A

Isomers with a difference in the location of functional groups

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17
Q

Enantiomers

A

Special types of stereoisomers which are mirror images of each other

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18
Q

How are monomers made into polymers?

A

Monomers are made into polymers through the loss of a water molecule which is called a condensation reaction, specifically dehydration reaction.

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19
Q

How are polymers broken down into monomers?

A

Polymers are broken down into monomers through gaining water molecules called hydrolysis reaction

20
Q

These are macromolecules that speed up the dehydration reaction process

A

Enzymes

21
Q
  • These are simple sugars
  • Only one 3-C, 5-C, 6-C chain or ring involved
A

Simple sugars or monosaccharides

General Formula: Multiples of CH2O

22
Q
  • Double sugars
  • Two 6-C chains or rings bonded together
A

Disaccharides or double sugars

23
Q

The most common monosaccharide

A

Glucose C6H12O6

24
Q

Storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers

A

Starch

Surplus starch is stored as granules w/in chloroplasts & other plastids

25
Q

A polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

A

Cellulose

26
Q

A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
* Also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

A

Chitin

27
Q

Biomolecule composed of chains of amino acids

A

Proteins

28
Q

How many amino acids exist?

A

20

29
Q

What are in amino acids?

A
  • Central Carbon
  • Amine group
  • Carboxyl group
  • R group
30
Q

What makes amino acids distinct from each other?

A

Their respective R groups

31
Q

What binds amino acids?

A
  • Peptide bonds
  • COOH group binds to the NH2 group of another amino acid through dehydration reaction
32
Q

Protein Function

Enzyme Catalyst

A

Decreases the activation energy for a chemical reaction
* specific for one reaction

33
Q

Protein Function

Defense

A

antibodies, bind to very specific foreign molecules to neutralize and tag them for recognition of defensive cells

34
Q

Protein Function

Transport

A

Hemoglobin: found in rbc, transfers oxygen from lungs to tissues
Myoglobin: found in striated muscles, supplies oxygen to muscle cells (myocytes)
Transferrin: blood-plasma glycoprotein responsible for ferric-ion delivery

35
Q

Protein Function

Support

A

Keratin: helps form hair, nails, and epidermis
Fibrin: for blood clot contraction or retraction
Collagen: structural support to the extracellular space of connective tissues

36
Q

Protein Function

Motion

A

Actin/myosin: muscle contraction

37
Q

Protein Function

Regulation

A

some hormones, regulatory proteins on DNA, cell receptors

38
Q

Protein Function

Storage

A

biological reserves of iron and amino acids

39
Q

7 Functions of Proteins

A
  • Enzyme catalysts
  • Defense
  • Transport
  • Support
  • Motion
  • Regulation
  • Storage
40
Q

Four levels of protein structure

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
41
Q

Primary Structure of Proteins

A

Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

42
Q

Secondary Structure of Proteins

A
  • refers to local folded structures that form within a polypeptide
  • alpha helix and beta pleated sheet (most common types)
43
Q

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

A
  • overall 3D structure of a polypeptide
  • forms due to interactions between R groups
  • entire length of amino acids folded into a shape
44
Q

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

A
  • multiple polypeptide chains
  • single polypeptides only have three levels. the quaternary structure is obtained upon the coming together of multiple polypeptides
45
Q

What does each nucleotide in DNA contain?

A
  • 5-C Sugar (deoxyribose)
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogen Base (AGCT)
46
Q

Lipids

A
  • hydrophobic biomolecules
  • central core of glycerol
  • bound to up to 3 fatty acid chains
47
Q

Bonds between glycerol and each fatty acid chain

A

Ester bonds (through dehydration)

独自のフラッシュカード (17 decks)

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