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独自のフラッシュカード > Cell Cycle, Mitosis, & Meiosis (Biology Summative) > Flashcards

Cell Cycle, Mitosis, & Meiosis (Biology Summative) Flashcards

1
Q

What is telomere?

A

The tip of a chromosome

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2
Q

Oogenesis

A

Production of female gametes (ova)
Starts during fetal development

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3
Q

Cell Division vs Nuclear Division

What is mitosis?

A

The division of the nucleus of the cell into two new nuclei

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4
Q

Explain

What happens in Synthesis (S) stage?

A

Replication of DNA

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5
Q

These are the cell’s control systems.
From these, the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received.

A

Checkpoints
* G1 Checkpoint (G1 to S)
* G2 Checkpoint (G2 to M)
* Spindle or M Checkpoint (Meta to Ana)

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6
Q

Explain

What happens in Gap 1 (G1)?

A

The cell just finished dividing, so in Gap 1, it is recovering from mitosis

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7
Q

Meiosis II

Telophase II and Cytokinesis II

A
  • The cells split in half
  • Four non-identical haploid daughter cells are produced from one original diploid cell
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8
Q

Meiosis II

Anaphase

A
  • Centromeres split
  • Sister chromatids are pulled to the poles
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9
Q

Meiosis I

Prometaphase

A
  • Spindle fibers starting to attach to the chromosomes through its centromeres
  • The chromosomes continue to condense
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10
Q

What are diploids?

A
  • two sets of chromosomes (2n)
  • In humans, 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes in total
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11
Q
  • In this checkpoint, the DNA is examined for errors
  • If errors are detected, the cell attempts to complete replication or repair damaged DNA in this checkpoint
  • If the damage is irrepairable, the cell may undergo through apoptosis (cell suicide) to avoid replication of damaged DNA
A

G2 Checkpoint

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12
Q

What happens in Gap 2 (G2)?

A
  • Preparation for Mitosis
  • Organelles are replicated
  • More growth occurs
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13
Q

Why does the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases fluctuate during the cell cycle?

A

Because they are controlled by cyclins, so named because their concentrations vary with the cell cycle.

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14
Q

Difference of Mitosis and Meiosis

A
  • Meiosis produces n while mitosis produces 2n
  • Daughter cells produced through mitosis are genetically identical, opposite to meiosis
  • In meiosis, division occurs twice but replication only once
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15
Q

Meiosis II

Telophase II and Cytokinesis II

A
  • The cells split in half
  • Four non-identical haploid daughter cells are produced from one original diploid cell
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16
Q

What is synapsis?

A

pairing of homologous chromosomes forming a tetrad (4 homologous chromatids or 2 homologous chromosomes)

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17
Q

Cell Division vs Nuclear Division

What is cytokinesis?

A

The actual division of cells into two new cells

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18
Q

This checkpoint checks if all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules

A

M Checkpoint (Spindle Checkpoint)

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19
Q

What is haploid?

A
  • One set of chromosomes (n)
  • Gametes or sex cells
  • In humans, 23 chromosomes
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20
Q

Mitosis

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes are pulled to the center of the cell
  • They line up along the “metaphase plate”
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21
Q

What does G1 checkpoint check before giving a go-signal?

A
  • Cell size (is the cell large enough to divide?)
  • Nutrients (Does the cell have enough energy reserves or available nutrients to divide?)
  • Molecular signals (Is the cell receiving positive cues (such as growth factors) from neighbors?)
  • DNA integrity (Is any of the DNA damaged?)
22
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

For reproduction, growth and repair of damaged cells

23
Q

Identify

Sequence of phases in the life cycle of a cell

A

Cell Cycle

24
Q

What causes variation?

A
  • Crossing over in Prophase I
  • Independent Assortment in Meta I and II
  • Random Fertilization
25
Q

Meiosis I

Prophase I

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Homologous chromosomes pair with each other
  • Each pair contains four sister chromatids (tetrad)
26
Q

Difference between cytokinesis in Plant and Animal cells

A

Animals: pinching of plasma membrane
Plants: The cell elongates and the cell plate forms (future cell wall and cell membrane)

27
Q
  • The checkpoint wherein the cell decided whether or not to divide
  • Once passed through, it becomes irreversibly committed to division
A

G1 Checkpoint

28
Q

Homologous Pair

A
  • each chromosome in the pair are identical (carrying genes for same trait)
  • only one pair differs; sex chromosomes (x or y)
29
Q

What is centromere?

A

The point where sister chromatids are joined together

30
Q

Crossing Over

A

chromatids of tetrad exchange parts

31
Q

What is meiosis?

A
  • Nuclear division that produces four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of parent cell
  • Important in sexual reproduction
  • Involves combining genes of parents to produce a genetically distinct individual
32
Q

Meiosis I

Telephase I and Cytokinesis I

A
  • Daughter nuclei formed (haploid n)
33
Q

The two types of regulatory proteins that are involved in cell cycle control

A

Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdks)

34
Q

Mitosis

What happens in Prophase?

A
  • Chromosome condenses
  • Microtubules form
  • The nuclear envelope breaks down
35
Q

What are the different periods under interphase and mitotic phase?

A

Interphase
* Growth (G1)
* Synthesis (S)
* Growth (G2)
Mitotic Phase
* Mitosis
* Cytokinesis

36
Q

Meiosis II

Prophase II

A

Spindle fibers form again

37
Q

Mitosis

What happens in Anaphase?

A
  • Centromeres divide
  • Spindle fibers pull one set of chromosomes to each pole
  • Precise alignment is critical to division
38
Q

Spermatocytogenesis vs Spermiogenesis vs Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatocytogenesis: Process of producing 4 spermatids (Meiosis I + Meiosis II)
Spermiogenesis: Converting spermatids to spermatozoa
Spermatogenesis: Spermatocyto + Spermio; starts at puberty

39
Q

Mitosis

What happens in telophase?

A
  • Nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes
  • Chromosomes uncoil
  • Cytokinesis
40
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A type of cell division in which a mother cell divides to produce two new daughter cells that are genetically identical to itself.

In the context of cell cycle, it is the part of the division process in which the DNA of the cell’s nucleus is split into two equal sets of chromosomes.

41
Q

True or False

Cells sometimes undergo mitosis without going through cytokinesis

A

True

42
Q

Meiosis I

Metaphase I

A
  • Tetrads or homologous chromosomes move to the center of the cell
  • Independent assortment occurs
43
Q

Meiosis I

Anaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles

44
Q

What is chiasmata?

A

The point of intersection during crossing over

45
Q

True or False

DNA is replicated for the second time in Meiosis II

A

False. No replication occurs during Meiosis II

46
Q

A cyclin-cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase.

A

MPF (maturation-promoting factor)

47
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical structures that result from chromosome replication, formed during S phase

48
Q

Mitosis

What happens in Prometaphase?

A
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle
49
Q

What does G2 checkpoint check before giving a go-signal?

A
  • DNA integrity (Is any of the DNA damaged?)
  • DNA replication (Was the DNA completely copied during S phase?)
50
Q

Meiosis II

Metaphase II

A

Sister chromatids move to the center

51
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Thin, fibrous form of DNA and proteins

独自のフラッシュカード (17 decks)

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