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独自のフラッシュカード > Proteins, Transport Mechanism > Flashcards

Proteins, Transport Mechanism Flashcards

1
Q

The sum total of all chemical reactions and physical workings occurring in a cell

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

2 Types of Metabolism

A

Anabolism and Catabolism

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3
Q
  • biosynthesis
  • building complex molecules from simple ones
  • requires energy (ATP)
A

Anabolism

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4
Q
  • degradation
  • breaking down complex to simple molecules
  • generates energy (ATP)
A

Catabolism

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5
Q
  • For a reaction to occur, an energy barrier must be surmounted
  • the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction
A

Activation Energy

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6
Q
  • Point when a reaction can easily run in either direction, to product or back to reactant
  • Unstable at the highest energy level
  • Substrate is bound most tightly to an enzyme in this state
A

Transition State

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7
Q

Enzymes consisting of proteins alone

A

Simple enzymes

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8
Q

Enzymes that contain protein (apoenzyme) and nonprotein (cofactors) molecules

Metallic Cofactors: iron, copper, magnesium

A

Conjugated Enzymes or holoenzymes

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9
Q

Enzyme-Substrate Interaction

a model for enzyme-substrate interaction suggesting that the enzyme and the substrate possess specific complementary geometric shapes that fit exactly into one another.

A

Lock and Key Model

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10
Q

a model for enzyme–substrate interaction to describe that the substrate is capable of inducing the proper alignment of the active site of the enzyme, causing the latter to subsequently perform its catalytic function.

A

Induced Fit Model

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11
Q

These are anabolic reactions to form covalent bonds between smaller substrate molecules, require ATP, release one molecule of water for each bond

A

Synthesis/condensation reactions

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12
Q

These are catabolic reactions that break down substrates into small molecules, requires the input of water

A

Hydrolysis Reactions

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13
Q

a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species.

A

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

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14
Q

They convert one type of amino acid to another by transferring an amino group

A

Aminotransferases (or transaminases)

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15
Q

The transfer of phosphate groups, involved in energy transfer

A

Phosphorylation

Three types: Photophosphorylation, Substrate level phosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

Control of Enzyme Activity Categories

A
  • Control of enzyme activity directly
  • Control of enzyme activity by regulating enzyme synthesis
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17
Q

Control of Enzyme Activity Directly

Occurs when a substance that resembles normal substrate competes with substrate for active site

A

Competitive Inhibition

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18
Q

Control of Enzyme Activity Directly

Characterized by a substance binding to the cofactor and distorts the shape of the active site

A

Noncompetitive Inhibition

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19
Q

Control of Enzyme Activity Directly

Control mechanism wherein the concentration of product at the end of a pathway blocks the action of a key enzyme

A

Feedback Inhibition

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20
Q

Control of Enzyme Activity by Regulating Enzyme Synthesis

always present, always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of amount of substrate; enzymes involved in glucose metabolism

A

Constitutive Enzymes

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21
Q

Control of Enzyme Activity by Regulating Enzyme Synthesis

  • not constantly present, produced only when substrate is present, prevents cell from wasting resources
  • synthesis of these enzymes is induced by a metabolite
A

Induced Enzymes

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22
Q

Control of Enzyme Activity by Regulating Enzyme Synthesis

  • enzymes that are not produced when the end product of the pathway is present
  • synthesis of these enzymes is suppressed by a metabolite
A

Repressible Enzymes

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23
Q

enzymes transported extracellularly, where they break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals
* cellulase, amylase, penicillinase

A

Exoenzymes

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24
Q

enzymes retained intracellularly and function within the cell

A

Endoenzymes

25
Q
  • The ability of the cell membrane to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others
  • “Small, nonpolar molecules get in. Ions and polar molecules don’t get in”
A

Selective Permeability

26
Q
  • A thin, polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules
  • Acts as a barrier to the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell
A

Phospholipid Bilayer

27
Q
  • Reduces membrane fluidity at moderate temperatures by reducing phospholipid movement
  • At low temperatures, it hinders solidification by disrupting the regular packing of phospholipids
A

Cholesterol

28
Q

Membrane Proteins

  • These proteins penetrate the hydrophobic inside of lipid bilayer
  • most are transmembrane proteins
A

Integral Proteins

29
Q

Membrane Proteins

  • Proteins that attach to the lipid bilayer
  • Appendages loosely bound to either surface
  • Easily separable from the bilayer
A

Peripheral Proteins

30
Q

Proteins that provide hydrophilic channels

A

Transport Proteins

31
Q

Differentiate Uniport, Symport, and Antiport

A
  • Uniport: type of membrane transport that transports one substance in one direction
  • Symport: transports two substances in the same direction
  • Antiport: transports two substances in opposite directions
32
Q

Transport protein that acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly

A

Channel Proteins

33
Q
  • Transport protein that is specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances
  • This type of protein carries the ion or molecules across the membrane by changing shape after the binding of the ion or molecule
A

Carrier Protein

34
Q

Proteins that functions by binding a specific ligand molecule

A

Receptor Proteins

35
Q
  • Proteins that can freely move within the lipid bilayer because of its fluidity
  • May also be confined to certain areas of the bilayer
A

Membrane Proteins

36
Q

The diffusion of a substance across membrane with no energy investment

A

Passive Transport

37
Q
  • Random movement of molecules but has a net direction toward regions of lower concentration to reach equilibrium
  • No work required: spontaneous because particles have KE and are in constant motion
  • Both the solute and solvent move
A

Diffusion

38
Q

Diffusion that does not require the assistance of membrane proteins
* Substances simply pass through the phospholipids

A

Simple Diffusion

39
Q

Movement of molecules along the concentration gradient that requires the help of carriers
* Substances pass through channels instead of directly through the phospholipids

A

Facilitated Diffusion

40
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A
  • Concentration Gradient
  • Temperature
  • Mass of Particles
  • Solvent Properties
41
Q

Movement of SOLVENT across a semipermeable membrane from high to low solvent concentration
* Only the solvent moves

A

Osmosis

42
Q

Difference between Diffusion and Osmosis

A

Diffusion: movement of MOLECULES from high to low concentration (both solute and solvent move)
Osmosis: movement of SOLVENT from high to low solvent concentration (only solvent moves)

43
Q
  • Ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
  • Depends on concentration of solutes that cannot cross membrane relative to the concentration of all solutes in the cell
A

Tonicity

44
Q

A higher concentrated solution is (?) to a lower concentrated solution

A

Hypertonic

45
Q

A lower concentrated solution is (?) to a higher concentrated solution

A

Hypotonic

46
Q

Two solutions with equal concentrations are (?)

A

Isotonic

47
Q
  • Transport of ions or molecules that require energy and assistance of enzymes
  • Lower to higher concentration (against concentration gradient)
  • Allows cell to maintain concentration gradients
  • Similar to facilitated diffusion but requires energy
A

Active Transport

48
Q

A difference in charge across membrane

A

Membrane potential

49
Q

Cations move into the cell while anions move out

A

Electrical Gradient

50
Q
  • Transport proteins that generate voltage across a membrane
  • Generation of voltage increases potential energy
A

Electrogenic Pumps

51
Q

The major electrogenic pump in animal cells

A

Na+/K+/ATPase pump

52
Q

The major electrogenic pump in plant cells

A

Proton pump

53
Q

A type of secondary transport across a biological membrane in which a transport protein couples the movement of an ion (usually Na+ or H+) down its electrochemical gradient to the movement of another ion or molecule against a concentration or electrochemical gradient

A

Cotransport

54
Q

a mode of transport of large quantities of materials and food particles across the membrane

A

Bulk Transport

Exo/Endocytosis

55
Q

Process in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell

A

Exocytosis

56
Q

Process in which substances are brought into the cell

A

Endocytosis

Phago and Pinocytosis

57
Q
  • is the process by which large particles, such as cells or relatively large particles, are taken in by a cell
  • “Cell-eating”
A

Phagocytosis

58
Q
  • was named at a time when the assumption was that the cell was purposefully taking in extracellular fluid
  • “Cell-drinking”
A

Pinocytosis

59
Q
  • a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule
  • allows cells to take in specifically what it needs
  • specific ligands bind to specific membrane proteins
A

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

独自のフラッシュカード (17 decks)

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