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Fall 2023 > Pyschology > Flashcards

Pyschology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three stages of memory?

A

Sensory memory (very short-term)
Short-term memory
Long-term memory

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2
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual sensory memory

Last 1/4 to 1/2 second

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3
Q

Echoic memory

A

Auditory sensory memory

Lasts 3-4 seconds

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4
Q

How long does short-term memory last?

A

20 seconds

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5
Q

What causes short-term memory last longer or shorter?

A

Longer - Maintenance Rehearsal
Shorter - decay or interference from new information

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6
Q

Working memory

A

Active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information

Sometimes used interchangably with short-term memory

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7
Q

3 types of long-term memory

A

Procedural
Episodic
Semantic

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8
Q

Procedural Memory

A

“Muscle memory”, how to perform skills

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9
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Long-term memory of specific events

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10
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Long-term memory of facts, names, dates, concepts

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11
Q

Explicit Memory/Declarative Memory

A

Memories that can be consciously recollected

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12
Q

Implicit Memory/Nondeclarative memory

A

Memories that cannot be consciously recollected, but still affect behavior

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13
Q

Mood Congruence

A

Tendency to better remembers things when associated with a particular emotion

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14
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Memories of specific sights, sounds, details, often in connection to a shocking or rare event

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15
Q

Who studied the science of forgetfulness by using made-up syllables?

A

Herman Ebbinghaus

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16
Q

Encoding Failure

A

Forgetting something because it was not stored in long-term memory

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17
Q

Prospective Memory Error

A

Failure to remember what needs to be done in the future

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18
Q

Decay Theory

A

The idea that memories create physical structures in the brain which decay over time, leading to forgetfulness

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19
Q

Interference Theory

A

The idea that we forget memories because other memories interfere with them

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20
Q

What 5 Parts of the brain are involved in memory?

A
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Amygdala
  • Cerebellum
  • Medial temporal lobe
  • Hippocampus
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21
Q

Who (incorrectly) determined that memories were distributed throughout the brain?

A

Lashley

22
Q

Who discovered that memory for simple conditioned responses originates in the cerebellum?

A

Thompson

23
Q

Engram

A

Brain changes presumed to occur in long-term memory formation

24
Q

7 Factors contributing to false memory

A
  • Post-event misinformation
  • Forgetting/misremembering source
  • Schema distortion (filled in missing details)
  • Imagination inflation
  • False familiarity
  • Blending fact and fiction
  • Suggestion
25
Q

Chunking

A

The process of combining small pieces of information together to make a meaningful whole

26
Q

How long does a sleep cycle last?

A

90 minutes

27
Q

Which stage of the sleep cycles displays sleep spindles?

A

Stage 2

28
Q

Microsleeps

A

Episodes of sleep lasting only a few seconds, caused by sleep deprivation

29
Q

Classical Conditioning Learning Theory

A

Relatively permanent changes in behavior brought about by experience

30
Q

Habitation

A

Decreased response to a repeated stimulus

31
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

A stimulus that does not naturally bring about the desired response without conditioning

32
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

A stimulus that brings about a response without conditioning

33
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response

34
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Reemergence of an extinct conditioned behavior

35
Q

Extinction

A

Loss of a conditioned behavior after the unconditioned stimulus has been removed

36
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

The ability to distinguish between stimuli

37
Q

Who discovered learned taste aversion?

A

John Garcia

38
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened

39
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

An answer that brings about a pleasurable outcome is more likely to be repeated

40
Q

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

A

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs

41
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

Variable-ratio schedule

A

Schedule of reinforcing a behavior after a certain number of times it has occurred

Schedule of reinforcing a behavior that is not based on a particular number of responses

42
Q

Primary Reinforcer

Secondary Reinforcers

A

A stimulus that is necessary for survival

A reinforcer that assists in bringing about a primary reinforcer

43
Q

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Variable-Interval schedule

A

Provides reinforcement for response only after a certain amount of time has passed

Provides reinforcement around an average amount of time rather than a specific time

44
Q

Stimulus Control Training

A

Behavior is reinforced in the presence of a stimulus, but not in its absence

45
Q

Shaping

A

Process of teaching a desired behavior by rewarding behavior that is progressively closer to the desired result

46
Q

Behavioral Modification

A

Formalized Techniques for conditioning behavior

47
Q

Cognitive Learning Theory

A

Focus on the cognitive processes behind learning

48
Q

Latent Learning

A

Behavior that is learned but not immediately expressed

49
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Neurons that fire when one observes another performing a behavior

50
Q

Who developed the social cognitive theory to learning?

A

Albert Bandura

51
Q

Transduction

A

Process of turning sensory stimulus into electrical signals

52
Q

Sensory Adaption

A

Decline in sensitivity due to constant stimuation

Fall 2023 (13 decks)

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