Psych - Cognition & Language

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

Focus on higher mental processes

Question 2

What 8 psychological functions are studied under cognitive psychology?

Answer 2

• Thinking
• Language
• Memory
• Problem Solving
• Knowing
• Reasoning
• Judging
• Decision Making

Question 3

Thinking

Answer 3

Brain activity in which people manipulate information (incl. words, images, sounds, or data)

Question 4

Concept

Answer 4

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people

Allows for organization of complex phenomena into categories that are easier to understand or remember

Question 5

Prototype

Answer 5

Highly representative example of a concept

Question 6

Algorithm

Answer 6

A rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem

Considered the best form of reasoning

Question 7

Deductive reasoning

Answer 7

Reasoning that process from general to specific

Considered better form of reasoning than inductive

Question 8

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 8

Reasoning that processes from specific to general

Question 9

What are the three main patterns of reasoning?

Answer 9

• Deductive reasoning
• Inductive reasoning
• Algorithms

Question 10

Heuristic

Answer 10

Exploratory problem-solving
A thinking process used to solve problems

Question 11

Availability Heuristic

Answer 11

Judging how likely an event is based on ease with which you can think of examples

Question 12

Familiarity Heuristic

Answer 12

Judging familiar items/concepts as being superior to unfamiliar ones

Question 13

Arrangement Problems

Answer 13

Problem that requires arranging elements in a certain way to fulfill a condition

Question 14

Problems of Inducing Structure

Answer 14

Problem that requires identifying the relationship between elements

Question 15

Transitional Problem

Answer 15

A problem that requires transforming an initial state into a goal state

Question 16

Means-ends Analysis

Answer 16

Repeating a problem sever times to assess for differences between the desired outcome and actual outcome

Question 17

Insight

Answer 17

Sudden realization of the relationships between various elements that were first thought unrelated

Question 18

Who developed the study of insight by study chimps?

Answer 18

Wolfgang Kohler

Question 19

Functional Fixedness

Answer 19

Tendency to think of an object only in terms in how it’s normally used

Question 20

Mental Set

Answer 20

Tendency to approach a problem using a previously employed method

Question 21

Confirmation Bias

Answer 21

Tendency to only notice information that supports your initial conclusion and ignore information that does not support it

Question 22

Creativity

Answer 22

The ability to generate novel ideas or solutions

Question 23

Divergent thinking

Answer 23

Ability to generate unusual responses to problems

Question 24

Convergent Thinking

Answer 24

Production of knowledge based primarily on knowledge and logic

Problem is viewed as having only a single answer

Question 25

Cognitive Complexity

Answer 25

Preference for complex thinking patterns

Question 26

Experiential Processing

Answer 26

Thought that is passive, effortless, and automatic

Question 27

Reflective processing

Answer 27

Thought that is active, effortful, and controlled

Question 28

General solution

Answer 28

A solution that correctly state the requirements for success, but not in enough detail for further action

Question 29

Functional Solution

Answer 29

A detailed, practical solution

Question 30

Random search stretegy

Answer 30

Trial-and-error

Question 31

Fixation

Answer 31

Tendency to repeat wrong solutions or faulty responses due to becoming blind to other options

Question 32

Framing

Answer 32

The method by which a problem is stated or structured

Question 33

Fluency (in creativity tests)

Answer 33

The total number of solutions produced

Question 34

What are the five stages of creative thought?

Answer 34

• Orientation (define problem)
• Preparation
• Incubation (subconscious consideration)
• Illumination (point of insight)
• Verification (testing solution)

Question 35

Cross-stimulation effect

Answer 35

In group problem solving, the tendency for one person’s ideas to be inspired by another’s

Question 36

Mental Representation

Answer 36

internal subjective expression

Question 37

Phonemes

Answer 37

The smallest unit of speech

Question 38

Phonology

Answer 38

The study of phonemes

Question 39

Syntax

Answer 39

Ways in which words and phrases and be combined into sentences

Question 40

Babble

Answer 40

Meaningless speechlike sounds made by children
Typically occurs between ages 3 months-1 year

Question 41

Telegraphic speech

Answer 41

Speech pattern in which only essential words are used

Question 42

Overgeneralization

Answer 42

The tendency of children to over-apply a language rule, thereby leading to language errors

Question 43

Three approaches to language learning

Answer 43

• Learning theory approach
• Nativist approach
• Interactionist approach

Question 44

Learning Theory Approach

Answer 44

Language is learned via reinforcement and conditioning, like any other behavior

(e.g. I say “apple,” someone hands me an apple, I learn that “apple” means apple)

Question 45

Nativist Approach

Answer 45

Human are biologically predisposed to learn language and learn it naturally at certain times and ways

Question 46

Interactionist Approach

Answer 46

Combination of nativist and learning theory approaches

Humans are predisposed to language, but it still must be taught

Question 47

Linguistic-relativity Hypothesis

Answer 47

Language shapes and may determine the way people understand the world around them

Question 48

Subtractive Bilingualism

Answer 48

Learning a second language in such a way that causes the speaker to lose some of their native language skills, resulting in their being unskilled at both languages

Question 49

Additive Bilingualism

Answer 49

Learning a second language in a way that doesn’t impede their first language’s skills and adds to their overall competence