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Fall 2023 > Anatomy - Senses, Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive > Flashcards

Anatomy - Senses, Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

5 Classifications of receptors by Modality

A
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors
  • Nociceptors (pain)
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Mechanoreceptors (tactile, hearing, balance, proprioception)
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2
Q

General Senses

A

Somatosensory Senses
Somesthetic Senses

Senses that are widely distributed throughout the body and consist of simple structures

Tactile, chemical, proprioception, pressure

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3
Q

Special Senses

A

Senses that are located in a particular, complex organ

Sight, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium

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4
Q

3 Classifications of receptors by origin of stimuli

A
  • Exteroceptor (external stimuli)
  • Interreceptor (internal stimuli/organs)
  • Proprioceptor (position of body)
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5
Q

What defines a nerve ending as encapsulated or unencapsulated?

A

Presence of connective tissue

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6
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

Muscles that provides the movement for peristalsis in the digestive tract

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7
Q

What two chemicals in saliva begin chemical digestion of food?

A

Amylase and lipase

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8
Q

What 6 substances are found in saliva?

A
  • Amylase
  • Lipase
  • Mucus
  • Lysozyme
  • electrolytes
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9
Q

Lysozyme

A

A substance in saliva that kills bacteria

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10
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

The sphincter separating the stomach from the duodenum

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11
Q

Chyme

A

Pulp of stomach acid and partially digested food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine

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12
Q

What are the four types of cells found in the gastric glands?

A
  • Chief cells
  • Parietal cells
  • Mucous neck cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
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13
Q

What are the three areas of the small intestine, from proximal to distal?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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14
Q

What is the point between the ascending and transverse colon?

A

Hepatic flexure

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15
Q

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

The sphincter that controls release of bile into the small intestine

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16
Q

What is bile mainly used to digest?

A

Fats

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17
Q

Amylase

A

Starch-deconstructing enzyme

Secreted by pancreas and salivary glands

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18
Q

Vestibule

A

The space between the lips and the teeth

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19
Q

What are the three types of cells found in the pituitary gland?

A

Acidophiles, basophiles, and chromophobes

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20
Q

What are the six hormones secreted by the hypothalamus?

A

TRH / Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
CRH / Corticotropin-releasing hormone
GnRH / Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
GHRH / Growth Hormone-releasing hormone
GRIH / Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone / somatostatin
PIH / Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

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21
Q

Somatostatin (Hypothalamus)

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), released by hypothalamus

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22
Q

6 Hormones released by anterior pituitary gland

A

FSH / Follicle-stimulating hormone
LH / Luteinizing hormone
TSH / Thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH / Adrenocorticotropic hormone
PRL / prolactin
GH / Growth hormone

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23
Q

2 Hormones released by posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH / Antidiuretic Hormone
OT / Oxytocin

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24
Q

FSH / Follicle-stimulating Hormone

A

Released by anterior pituitary gland

In females: promotes production of estrogen and growth of ovarian follicles

In males: Promotes sperm production

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25
LH / Luteinizing Hormone
Released by anterior pituitary gland In females: Promotes ovulation, progesterone secretion, and the production/maintenance of corpus luteum In males: Promotes secretion of testosterone
26
PRL / Prolactin
Released by anterior pituitary gland In females: Promotes milk production In males: Increases sensitivity to LH and promotes production of testosterone
27
OT / Oxytocin
Released by anterior pituitary gland Promotes uterine contractions and release of milk May also be involved in ejaculation, sperm transport in female, sexual attraction, and parent-offspring bonding
28
1 Hormone released by pineal gland
Melatonin
29
Melatonin
Released by pineal gland Induces sleepiness, may inhibit gonadotropin release to prevent early sexual maturation
30
3 hormones released by thymus and their purpose
Thymopoietin Thymosin Thymulin Promote T-cell maturation/activity
31
3 Hormones secreted by thyroid gland
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin
32
T4 / Thyroxine T3 / Triiodothyronine
Secreted by the thyroid gland Increase metabolic rate and heat production
33
Calcitonin
Secreted by thyroid gland Promotes bone growth by inhibiting osteoclasts
34
1 Hormone produced by parathyroid gland
PTH / Parathyroid hormone
35
PTH / Parathyroid hormone
Increases calcium ions in blood Does this by promoting bone reabsorption, calcitrol synthesis, intestinal calcium absorption, and reducing calcium releasing in urine
36
3 hormones released by adrenal medullae
Epi, norepi, dopamine
37
4 hormones released by adrenal cortex
- Aldosterone - Cortisol - Corticosterone - Androgens
38
Aldosterone
Secreted by adrenal medulla Promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion Maintains blood pressure/volume
39
Cortisol Corticosterone
Secreted by adrenal cortex Stimulates fat and protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance. and tissue repair
40
Androgens
Secreted by adrenal medulla Stimulates growth of pubic and armpit hair, bone growth, sex drive, and male prenatal development
41
4 Hormones released by pancreas
- Glucagon - Insulin - Somatostatin - Amylin
42
Somatostatin (Pancreas)
Inhibits digestion, nutrient absorption, insulin secretion, and glucagon secretion
43
Amylin
Released by pancreas Potentiates insulin regulates gastric emptying and bile secretion
44
3 Hormones released by ovaries
- Estrogen - Progesterone - Inhibin
45
Estrogen
Released by the ovaries - Stimulates female reproductive development and adolescent growth - Regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy - Prepares mammary glands for lactation
46
Progesterone
Released by ovaries - Regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy - Prepares mammary glands for lactation
47
Inhibin
Released by ovaries and testes Inhibits production of FSH
48
Testosterone
Released by testes Stimulates reproductive development, musculoskeletal growth, sex drive, and sperm production
49
2 Hormones released by the testes
- Testosterone - Inhibin
50
5 Hormones released by the liver
- Calcidiol - Erythropoietin - Angiotensinogen - Hepcidin - Insulin-like growth factor 1
51
Hepcidin
Released by the liver Regulates absorption of dietary iron
52
3 Hormones released by the kidneys
- Erythropoietin - Calcitriol - Angiotensin I
53
Calcitriol
Secreted by kidneys Promotes absorption of dietary calcium
54
4 hormones secreted by stomach and small intestine
- Ghrelin - Gastrin - Cholecystokinin - Peptide YY
55
Ghrelin
Hormone secreted by the stomach and small intestine Promotes hunger
56
Gastrin
Hormone secreted by stomach and small intestine Promotes acid secretion
57
Cholecystokinin
Hormone secreted by stomach and small intestine Promotes bile release, suppresses appetite
58
Peptide YY
Hormone released by stomach and small intestine Promotes satiety
59
Leptin
Hormone produced by adipose tissue regulates appetite long-term
60
Natriuretic Peptides
Hormones released by heart Lowers bp by promoting excretion of sodium and fluids
61
Osteocalcin
Hormone released by bones Increases insulin release and insulin sensitivity, reduces fat depsition
62
Projection Pathway
Route a nerve takes from a sense organ to the brain
63
What part of the brain receives pain signals?
Postcentral gyrus of cerebrum
64
What are the three types of taste buds?
Filiform papillae Fungiform papillae Foliate papillae Vallate papillae
65
Filiform papillae
The most common taste buds, detect texture but not taste
66
Foliate Papillae
Taste buds that form on the ridges of the tongue near the teeth Mostly gone by age 2-3
67
Fungiform papillae
Taste buds that are widely distributes but especially concentrated on tip and edges of tongue Detect both taste and mouth feel
68
Vallate Papillae
Large taste buds located at the posterior of the tongue
69
Basal cells
cells that produce new taste buds and interface w/ nervous system
70
Where do taste receptors travel to in the brain?
The medulla oblongata, then on to the amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebrum
71
Olfactory Hairs
Cilia on the end of an olfactory cell, act as the binding site for chemicals
72
Olfactory bulb
Nervous tissue that transmits olfactory data to the brain
73
Which sense does not pass through the thalamus?
Olfaction
74
Primary olfactory cortex
Area in temporal lobe of the brain where olfactory information is sent
75
Helix
The superior portion of the external ear
76
Tragus
The proximal bump of the outer ear
77
What are the three bones of the middle ear, from most superficial to most deep?
Malleus Incus Stapes
78
Auricle
The outer ear
79
Which window to the inner ear articulates with the stapes?
The oval window
80
Bony labyrinth
The bony structure that holds the inner ear
81
Membranous Labyrinth
The membranous structure within the inner ear Hearing/equilibrium organs are part of the membranous labyrith
82
Endolymph
Fluid within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
83
Perilymph
Fluid between the bony and membranous labyrinths of the inner ear
84
Vestibule (Ear)
The first chamber of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
85
Modiolus
Bone around which the cochlea spirals
86
Hair Cells
Cells in the cochlea that receive auditory signals
87
stereocilia
Cilia on hair cells that move in response to noise
88
Vestibular Apparatus
The organ of equilibrium Consists of 3 semicircular ducts and 2 chambers - the saccule and the utricle
89
Static Equiulibrium
Sensation of orientation of the head when the body is stationary
90
What are the 2 chambers in the vestibular apparatus?
Saccule and utricle
91
To what five locations in the brain are equilibrium sensations sent to?
- Cerebellum - Reticular Formation - Spinal cord - Thalamus - Nuclei of oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves (cranial nerves 3, 4, 6)

Fall 2023 (13 decks)

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