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Fall 2023 > Anatomy - Senses, Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive > Flashcards

Anatomy - Senses, Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

5 Classifications of receptors by Modality

A
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors
  • Nociceptors (pain)
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Mechanoreceptors (tactile, hearing, balance, proprioception)
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2
Q

General Senses

A

Somatosensory Senses
Somesthetic Senses

Senses that are widely distributed throughout the body and consist of simple structures

Tactile, chemical, proprioception, pressure

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3
Q

Special Senses

A

Senses that are located in a particular, complex organ

Sight, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium

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4
Q

3 Classifications of receptors by origin of stimuli

A
  • Exteroceptor (external stimuli)
  • Interreceptor (internal stimuli/organs)
  • Proprioceptor (position of body)
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5
Q

What defines a nerve ending as encapsulated or unencapsulated?

A

Presence of connective tissue

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6
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

Muscles that provides the movement for peristalsis in the digestive tract

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7
Q

What two chemicals in saliva begin chemical digestion of food?

A

Amylase and lipase

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8
Q

What 6 substances are found in saliva?

A
  • Amylase
  • Lipase
  • Mucus
  • Lysozyme
  • electrolytes
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9
Q

Lysozyme

A

A substance in saliva that kills bacteria

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10
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

The sphincter separating the stomach from the duodenum

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11
Q

Chyme

A

Pulp of stomach acid and partially digested food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine

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12
Q

What are the four types of cells found in the gastric glands?

A
  • Chief cells
  • Parietal cells
  • Mucous neck cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
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13
Q

What are the three areas of the small intestine, from proximal to distal?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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14
Q

What is the point between the ascending and transverse colon?

A

Hepatic flexure

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15
Q

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

The sphincter that controls release of bile into the small intestine

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16
Q

What is bile mainly used to digest?

A

Fats

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17
Q

Amylase

A

Starch-deconstructing enzyme

Secreted by pancreas and salivary glands

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18
Q

Vestibule

A

The space between the lips and the teeth

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19
Q

What are the three types of cells found in the pituitary gland?

A

Acidophiles, basophiles, and chromophobes

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20
Q

What are the six hormones secreted by the hypothalamus?

A

TRH / Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
CRH / Corticotropin-releasing hormone
GnRH / Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
GHRH / Growth Hormone-releasing hormone
GRIH / Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone / somatostatin
PIH / Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

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21
Q

Somatostatin (Hypothalamus)

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), released by hypothalamus

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22
Q

6 Hormones released by anterior pituitary gland

A

FSH / Follicle-stimulating hormone
LH / Luteinizing hormone
TSH / Thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH / Adrenocorticotropic hormone
PRL / prolactin
GH / Growth hormone

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23
Q

2 Hormones released by posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH / Antidiuretic Hormone
OT / Oxytocin

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24
Q

FSH / Follicle-stimulating Hormone

A

Released by anterior pituitary gland

In females: promotes production of estrogen and growth of ovarian follicles

In males: Promotes sperm production

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25
Q

LH / Luteinizing Hormone

A

Released by anterior pituitary gland

In females: Promotes ovulation, progesterone secretion, and the production/maintenance of corpus luteum

In males: Promotes secretion of testosterone

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26
Q

PRL / Prolactin

A

Released by anterior pituitary gland

In females: Promotes milk production

In males: Increases sensitivity to LH and promotes production of testosterone

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27
Q

OT / Oxytocin

A

Released by anterior pituitary gland

Promotes uterine contractions and release of milk

May also be involved in ejaculation, sperm transport in female, sexual attraction, and parent-offspring bonding

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28
Q

1 Hormone released by pineal gland

A

Melatonin

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29
Q

Melatonin

A

Released by pineal gland

Induces sleepiness, may inhibit gonadotropin release to prevent early sexual maturation

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30
Q

3 hormones released by thymus and their purpose

A

Thymopoietin
Thymosin
Thymulin

Promote T-cell maturation/activity

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31
Q

3 Hormones secreted by thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin

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32
Q

T4 / Thyroxine
T3 / Triiodothyronine

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland

Increase metabolic rate and heat production

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33
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by thyroid gland

Promotes bone growth by inhibiting osteoclasts

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34
Q

1 Hormone produced by parathyroid gland

A

PTH / Parathyroid hormone

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35
Q

PTH / Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases calcium ions in blood

Does this by promoting bone reabsorption, calcitrol synthesis, intestinal calcium absorption, and reducing calcium releasing in urine

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36
Q

3 hormones released by adrenal medullae

A

Epi, norepi, dopamine

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37
Q

4 hormones released by adrenal cortex

A
  • Aldosterone
  • Cortisol
  • Corticosterone
  • Androgens
38
Q

Aldosterone

A

Secreted by adrenal medulla

Promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion
Maintains blood pressure/volume

39
Q

Cortisol
Corticosterone

A

Secreted by adrenal cortex

Stimulates fat and protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance. and tissue repair

40
Q

Androgens

A

Secreted by adrenal medulla

Stimulates growth of pubic and armpit hair, bone growth, sex drive, and male prenatal development

41
Q

4 Hormones released by pancreas

A
  • Glucagon
  • Insulin
  • Somatostatin
  • Amylin
42
Q

Somatostatin (Pancreas)

A

Inhibits digestion, nutrient absorption, insulin secretion, and glucagon secretion

43
Q

Amylin

A

Released by pancreas

Potentiates insulin
regulates gastric emptying and bile secretion

44
Q

3 Hormones released by ovaries

A
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Inhibin
45
Q

Estrogen

A

Released by the ovaries

  • Stimulates female reproductive development and adolescent growth
  • Regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy
  • Prepares mammary glands for lactation
46
Q

Progesterone

A

Released by ovaries

  • Regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy
  • Prepares mammary glands for lactation
47
Q

Inhibin

A

Released by ovaries and testes

Inhibits production of FSH

48
Q

Testosterone

A

Released by testes

Stimulates reproductive development, musculoskeletal growth, sex drive, and sperm production

49
Q

2 Hormones released by the testes

A
  • Testosterone
  • Inhibin
50
Q

5 Hormones released by the liver

A
  • Calcidiol
  • Erythropoietin
  • Angiotensinogen
  • Hepcidin
  • Insulin-like growth factor 1
51
Q

Hepcidin

A

Released by the liver

Regulates absorption of dietary iron

52
Q

3 Hormones released by the kidneys

A
  • Erythropoietin
  • Calcitriol
  • Angiotensin I
53
Q

Calcitriol

A

Secreted by kidneys

Promotes absorption of dietary calcium

54
Q

4 hormones secreted by stomach and small intestine

A
  • Ghrelin
  • Gastrin
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Peptide YY
55
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hormone secreted by the stomach and small intestine

Promotes hunger

56
Q

Gastrin

A

Hormone secreted by stomach and small intestine

Promotes acid secretion

57
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Hormone secreted by stomach and small intestine

Promotes bile release, suppresses appetite

58
Q

Peptide YY

A

Hormone released by stomach and small intestine

Promotes satiety

59
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone produced by adipose tissue

regulates appetite long-term

60
Q

Natriuretic Peptides

A

Hormones released by heart

Lowers bp by promoting excretion of sodium and fluids

61
Q

Osteocalcin

A

Hormone released by bones

Increases insulin release and insulin sensitivity, reduces fat depsition

62
Q

Projection Pathway

A

Route a nerve takes from a sense organ to the brain

63
Q

What part of the brain receives pain signals?

A

Postcentral gyrus of cerebrum

64
Q

What are the three types of taste buds?

A

Filiform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Foliate papillae
Vallate papillae

65
Q

Filiform papillae

A

The most common taste buds, detect texture but not taste

66
Q

Foliate Papillae

A

Taste buds that form on the ridges of the tongue near the teeth

Mostly gone by age 2-3

67
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Taste buds that are widely distributes but especially concentrated on tip and edges of tongue

Detect both taste and mouth feel

68
Q

Vallate Papillae

A

Large taste buds located at the posterior of the tongue

69
Q

Basal cells

A

cells that produce new taste buds and interface w/ nervous system

70
Q

Where do taste receptors travel to in the brain?

A

The medulla oblongata, then on to the amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebrum

71
Q

Olfactory Hairs

A

Cilia on the end of an olfactory cell, act as the binding site for chemicals

72
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Nervous tissue that transmits olfactory data to the brain

73
Q

Which sense does not pass through the thalamus?

A

Olfaction

74
Q

Primary olfactory cortex

A

Area in temporal lobe of the brain where olfactory information is sent

75
Q

Helix

A

The superior portion of the external ear

76
Q

Tragus

A

The proximal bump of the outer ear

77
Q

What are the three bones of the middle ear, from most superficial to most deep?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

78
Q

Auricle

A

The outer ear

79
Q

Which window to the inner ear articulates with the stapes?

A

The oval window

80
Q

Bony labyrinth

A

The bony structure that holds the inner ear

81
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A

The membranous structure within the inner ear

Hearing/equilibrium organs are part of the membranous labyrith

82
Q

Endolymph

A

Fluid within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

83
Q

Perilymph

A

Fluid between the bony and membranous labyrinths of the inner ear

84
Q

Vestibule (Ear)

A

The first chamber of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear

85
Q

Modiolus

A

Bone around which the cochlea spirals

86
Q

Hair Cells

A

Cells in the cochlea that receive auditory signals

87
Q

stereocilia

A

Cilia on hair cells that move in response to noise

88
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A

The organ of equilibrium

Consists of 3 semicircular ducts and 2 chambers - the saccule and the utricle

89
Q

Static Equiulibrium

A

Sensation of orientation of the head when the body is stationary

90
Q

What are the 2 chambers in the vestibular apparatus?

A

Saccule and utricle

91
Q

To what five locations in the brain are equilibrium sensations sent to?

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Reticular Formation
  • Spinal cord
  • Thalamus
  • Nuclei of oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves (cranial nerves 3, 4, 6)

Fall 2023 (13 decks)

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