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Cardio > PVD > Flashcards

PVD Flashcards

1
Q

at what rutherford stage does PAD go to rest pain then tissue loss

A

4 is rest pain, 5 and 6 are mild and severe tissue loss

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2
Q

what sx are associated w/ critical limb ischemia

A

rest pain and tissue loss/ulceration

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3
Q

medical management of PAD

A

risk factor modification: diabetic tx, HTN tx, smoking cessation, eat healthy, lipid reduction, exercise, stress reduction

cilostazol can help w/ intermittent claudication

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4
Q

2 categories of surgical intervention for PAD

A

bypass and endovascular (balloon and stent)

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5
Q

definition of aneurysm

A

at least 50% widening

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6
Q

protective factors for AAA

A

female, black, DM dx

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7
Q

causes of mycotic aneurysms

A

secondary infection- staph, salmonella, strep

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8
Q

inflammatory aneurysm characteristics

A

dense periarotic fibrosis- lymphos, plasmas, macros, giant cells

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9
Q

congential syndromes w/ aneurysms

A

marfans: fibrillin 1 defect, defect in elastin microfibrils esp in descending aorta

type IV ehler danlos- type III procollagen defect

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10
Q

clinical presentation of AAA

A

asymptomatic, distal emboli, abdominal/back pain, rupture (pain, hypotension, pulsatile mass)

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11
Q

common place to find athero plaque

A

bifurcations- lateral wall of carotid artery, thickest at bulb

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12
Q

Dx for carotid stenosis

A

use carotid duplex (ultrasound, see velocities in various branches of carotids)

MRA, or angiogram

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13
Q

medical therapy- secondary stroke prevention

A

aspirin and clopidogrel- double platelet inhibition

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14
Q

surgical tx for secondary stroke prevention

A

carotid endarterectemy, carotid stenting

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15
Q

diff b/w true and false aneurysm

A

true: bounded by complete wall components
false: rupture in a layer but contained by outer layers, not evenly widened

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16
Q

fusiform vs saccular aneurysm

A

fusiform is ovoid swelling, saccular is a bubble like outpouch

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17
Q

AAA is associated w/

A

always severe atherosclerosis

half have HTN, more males

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18
Q

location of aneuysm w/ syphilis, cystic medial degeneration, athero

A

in order: ascending aorta, ascending and thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta and muscular arteries

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19
Q

define aortic dissection

A

dissection of blood b/w planes of media, blood filled channel in aortic wall, frequently ruptures

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20
Q

common predispositions to aortic dissection

A

groups: men 40-60 w/ HTN, young pts w/ connective tissue problems like Marfans

most common preexisting lesion is cystic medial degeneration (Marfans)

thing in common is weakened media

21
Q

cystic medial degeneration

A

separation of elastic and fibromuscular elements by small cystic spaces, filled w/ ECM

22
Q

type A vs type B dissection

A

type A- proximal or proximal and distal

type B- distal only

type A and proximal more dangerous

23
Q

common sites for arterial thrombosis

A

large and medium muscular arteries- aorta, carotid, coronary

intracardiac

24
Q

Homan sign

A

forced dorsiflexion of the foot seen w/ DVT

25
Q

patho of varicose veins

A

venous wall weakness increases venous pressure and valve incompetence- leads to the dilated, tortuous superficial veins

26
Q

define raynauds

A

arterial and arteriolar vasospasm from cold and emotions, esp in fingers and toes

27
Q

clinical appearance of raynauds

A

pallor to blue to red, cold, paresthesia, pain

28
Q

tx for raynauds

A

prevention, CCB, a1 blockers, vasodilators

29
Q

temporal arteritis epi

A

aka giant cell, elderly ppl, most common vasculitis

30
Q

patho of giant cell

A

idopathic- granuloma formation in med-large arteries esp branches of carotid like Temporal

31
Q

giant cell arteritis associated w/

A

polymyalgia rheumatica

32
Q

clinical pres of giant cel arteritis

A

unilateral throbbing headache, sometimes visual involvement

33
Q

tx for giant cell

A

steroids

34
Q

patho of polyarteritis nodosa

A

idopathic- type 3 immune response w/ Ag-Ab complex, leads to fibrinoid necrosis, thrombosis, and infarct

35
Q

clinical pres of PAN

A

constitutional sickness, stenosis/infarct effect in arteries/ organs

36
Q

tx of PAN

A

steroids

37
Q

patho of kawasaki

A

idiopathic- systemic necrotizing vasculitis of small-med arteries and lymphadenopathy

38
Q

clinical pres of kawasaki

A

fever, rash, mucosal lesions, lymphadenopathy, strawberry tongue, many have coronary artery involvement (some w/ aneurysm)

39
Q

tx for kawasaki

A

IV Ig, aspirin (rare use of aspirin w/ kids)

40
Q

patho of takayasu arteritis, other names

A

aka aortic arch aka pulseless disease

idiopathic- granuloma inflammation in med-large arteries w/ or w/o stenosis, thrombosis, aneurysm

41
Q

clinical pres of takayasu

A

constitutional symptoms from inflammation, no pulse

42
Q

tx of takayasu

A

steroids

43
Q

buergers disease etiology and other names

A

thromboangitis obliterans, from tobacco use

44
Q

patho of buerger’s

A

acute inflammation of small-med arteries of distal limbs, thrombosis and infarct

45
Q

clinical pres and tx of buergers

A

intermitten claudication, pain, can go to ulcers and gangrene

cease tobacco use

46
Q

patho of hemangioma

A

proliferation of endothelium creating large and/or small vascular channels

often on skin, organs, mucous membrane

47
Q

patho and histopatho of kaposi sarcoma

A

HHV8 infection causes unregulated endothelial growth

spindle cells (malignant) and lbood filled vascular spaces

48
Q

define cardiac myxoma, patho

A

benign neoplasm of primitive connective tissue in heart, usually in atria (more left)

composed of ECM (myxoid stroma) and a few tumor cells

sx from blood flow obstruction

Cardio (34 decks)

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