Pulmonary vascular disease

Question 1

Pulmonary oedema

Answer 1

Accumulation of fluid in the lungs (interstitium and alveolar spaces)
Causes a restrictive pattern of disease

Question 2

Causes of pulmonary oedema

Answer 2

Increase hydrostatic pressure (haemodynamic)
Cellular injury (alveolar lining cells, alveolar endothelium)
Cardiac disease
Localise oedema-pneumonia
Generalise oedema- ARDS

Question 3

Causes of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

also known as diffuse alveolar damage syndrome, shock lung

Answer 3

Sepsis
Diffuse infection (virus, mycoplasma)
Severe trauma
Oxygen

Question 4

Pathogenesis of ARDS

Answer 4

Injury (eg bacterial endotoxin)
Infiltration of inflammatory cells
Cytokines
Oxygen free radicals
Injury to cell membranes

Question 5

Pathology of ARDS

Answer 5

Fibrinous exudate lining alveolar walls (hyaline membranes)
Cellular regeneration
Inflammation

Question 6

Outcome of ARDS

Answer 6

Death
Resolution
Fibrosis (chronic restrictive lung disease)

Question 7

Neonatal RDS

Answer 7

Premature babies

Deficient in surfactant