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Respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Right and left nasal cavities
Oral Cavity
Naso-, oro- and laryngo- pharynx
larynx

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2
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A 
Trachea
Left and right main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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3
Q

At level of C6 vertebra:

A

Larynx becomes pharynx

Trachea becomes oesophagus

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4
Q

Isthmus of thyroid gland located

A

Tracheal cartilages 2-4

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5
Q

Chest wall layers superficial –> deep

A 
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
Skeletal muscle
Bone/joints
Parietal Pleura
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6
Q

Lung lobe

A

The area of lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air
Right-upper, lower and middle lobes
Left-upper and lower lobes, and lingula
Lobes separated by fissures

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7
Q

Bronchopulmonary segment

A

The area of lung that each of the segmental bronchi supply with air
Each lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments

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8
Q

True Ribs

A

Ribs 1-7

Attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum

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9
Q

False ribs

A

Ribs 8-10

Attach via their costal cartilage above to the sternum

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10
Q

Floating ribs

A

Ribs 11&12

No attachment to the sternum

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11
Q

Posterior blood supply to intercostal spaces

A

Arterial supply- thoracic aorta

Venous drainage- azygous vein

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12
Q

Anterior blood supply to intercostal spaces

A

Arterial supply -Internal thoracic artery

Venous drainage- Internal thoracic vein

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13
Q

Nerve supply to intercostal spaces

A

Anterior ramus of spinal nerve (intercostal nerve)
Neurovascular bundle between internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers
Sits in costal groove

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14
Q

Blood supply to the lung itself

A

Bronchial arteries branching from aorta

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15
Q

Blood supply to the chest wall

A

Bilateral posterior intercostal arteries

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16
Q

Diaphragm (3)

A

Forms floor of chest cavity
Forms roof of abdominal cavity
Skeletal muscle with unusual central tendon

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17
Q

Attachments of the muscular part of the diaphragm (3)

A

The sternum
The lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
L1-L3 vertebral bodies

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18
Q

Nerve supply to the diaphragm

A

Phrenic Nerve

C3, 4 & 5 posterior rami

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19
Q

Structures that openings in diaphragm allow to pass through

A

Thoracic aorta,
Inferior vena cava
Oesophagus and vagus nerves

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20
Q

Where are phrenic nerves found?

A

In the neck on the anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle
In the chest (thorax) descending over the lateral aspects of the heart

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21
Q

What do the phrenic nerves supply?

A

Supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to the diaphragm & fibrous pericardium
Supplies somatic motor axons to the diaphragm

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22
Q

Blood supply to and from the breast

A

Subclavian artery and vein

Internal thoracic artery and vein

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23
Q

Lymphatic drainage from the breast

A

Unilateral drainage from lateral quadrants to axillary nodes

Bilateral drainage from medial quadrants to parasternal nodes

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24
Q

Right lung surface markings

A

Superior vena cava
Azygous vein
Diaphragm

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25
Q

Left lung surface markings

A

Aorta
Common carotid artery
Heart
Diaphragm

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26
Q

What ribs give the position of the oblique fissure?

A

bilaterally at the level of ribs 6 anteriorly

rising to T3 vertebral level posteriorly

27
Q

What rib gives the position of the horizontal fissure

A

Follows right rib 4

28
Q

Where is the stethoscope placed for auscultation of the middle lobe?

A

Between ribs 4 and 6 in the mid-clavicular & midaxillary lines

29
Q

Where is the stethoscope places for auscultation of the lung apex?

A

Superior to the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle

30
Q

Where is the stethoscope placed for auscultation of the lung base?

A

In the scapular line at T11 vertebral level

31
Q

What nerve is within the nasal cavity?

A

Trigeminal nerve (V1, V2)

32
Q

What nerve is within the pharynx?

33
Q

What nerve is within the larynx?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

34
Q

What sensory receptors are stimulated in sneezing?

A

CN V or CN IX

35
Q

What sensory receptors are stimulated in coughing?

A

CN IX or CN X

36
Q

In what mucosa are the sensory receptors stimulated that bring about a cough?

A

Oropharyngeal mucosa
Laropharyngeal mucosa
Laryngeal mucosa

37
Q

Carotid Sheaths

A

Protective “tubes” of cervical (neck) deep fascia
Attach superiorly to the bones of the base of the skull
Blends inferiorly with the fascia of the mediastinum

38
Q

What do carotid sheaths contain?

A

The vagus nerve
The internal carotid artery
The common carotid artery
The internal jugular vein

39
Q

What are the intercostal nerves

A

The anterior rami of T1-T11

40
Q

What are the muscles of normal (quiet) inspiration?

A

External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles

41
Q

What are the accessory muscles of deep (forced) inspiration?

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus anterior, medius & posterior

42
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx do during the cough reflex

A

Adduct the vocal cords to close the rima glottidis

43
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx supplied by?

A

(Somatic) motor branches of the vagus nerve

44
Q

Where does the vagus nerve connect with the CNS

A

Medulla oblongata of the brainstem

45
Q

Linea Alba

A

The midline where the aponeurosis of the right abdominal muscles blend with the aponeurosis of the left abdominal muscles

46
Q

Superior attachment of the right external oblique

A

The superficial aspects of the lower ribs

47
Q

Inferior attachment of the external oblique

A

The anterior part of the iliac crest & the pubic tubercle

48
Q

Superior attachment of the internal oblique

A

The inferior border of the lower ribs

49
Q

Inferior attachment of the internal oblique

A

The iliac crest & the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back

50
Q

Superior attachment of the transervsus abdominus

A

Deep aspects of the lower ribs

51
Q

Inferior attachment of the transversus abdominus

A

The iliac crest & the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back

52
Q

Thoracoabdominal nerves

A

The subcostal nerve (T12 anterior ramus)
The iliohypogastric nerve (half of L1 anterior ramus)
The ilioinguinal nerve (the other half of L1 anterior ramus)

53
Q

Functions of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

A

Maintain posture
Support the vertebral column
Movement of the vertebral column
Protect the abdominal viscera (guarding contractions)
Increase intra-abdominal pressure to assist defecation, micturition, labour
Contractions aid forced expiration

54
Q

Small pneumothorax

A

<2cm gap between lung and parietal pleura

55
Q

Large pneumothorax

A

> 2cm gap between lung and parietal pleura

56
Q

Causes of air entering the pleural cavity

A

Penetrating injury to parietal pleura

Rupture of visceral pleura

57
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

Torn pleura creates one-way valve that permits air to enter the pleural cavity on inspiration but prevents air escaping on expiration
With each inspiration more air enters pleural cavity
Pneumothorax expands & the lung collapses towards its root
Build up of air in the pleural cavity applies tension (pressure) to the mediastinal structures

58
Q

Conseuqences of mediastinal shift

A

Tracheal deviation

SVC compression reduces venous return to the heart causing hypotension (low bp)

59
Q

Two factors required for development of herniae

A

Weakness of one structure: commonly a part of the body wall
Increased pressure on one side of that part of the wall

60
Q

Where do diaphragmatic herniae develop?

A 
Attachments to the xyphoid
Caval opening
Aortic Hiatus
Oesophageal hiatus
Posterior attachments
61
Q

Paraoesophageal hiatus hernia

A

The herniated part of the stomach passes through the oesophageal hiatus to become parallel to the oesophagus & in the chest

62
Q

Sliding hiatus hernia

A

The herniated part of the stomach slides through the oesophageal hiatus into the chest with the gastro-oesophageal junction

63
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

Between anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and pubic tubercle

64
Q

Cremasteric fascia

A

A covering of skeletal muscle fibres from the internal oblique
Allows testes to contract and relax

Respiratory (19 decks)

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