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Respiratory > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the formed elements of the blood?

A

Buffy coat=white cells + platelets

Red cells

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2
Q

What is plasma made up of?

A

Water
Proteins (immunoglobulins, albumin, clotting factors)
Nutrients, salt

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3
Q

What white cells are in the blood?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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4
Q

Blood count

A

Changes in number

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5
Q

Blood film

A

Changes in appearance (morphology)

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6
Q

What is lower Hb suggestive of?

A

Anaemia

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7
Q

What measurement is a useful starting point to determine the cause of anaemia in a patient?

A

Mean Cellular Volume

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8
Q

Microcytic Anaemia

A 
Smaller Cells
Iron deficiency (eg chronic blood loss)
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9
Q

Macrocytic Anaemia

A

Larger Cells
Vitamin B12/folate deficiency (nuclear defects)
Alcohol excess, liver disease, hypothyroidism (membrane defect)

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10
Q

Normocytic Anaemia

A

Normal sized cells
Acute blood loss
Anaemia of chronic disease (eg inflammation, infection)

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11
Q

Why is anaemia of chronic disease common?

A

Iron supply to developing red cells
The proliferation of erythroid cells
The production of erythropoietin
The life span of red cells

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12
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

High platelet count

Caused by acute or chronic blood loss, inflammation or malignancies

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13
Q

Suffixes for high white cell numbers

A

“cytosis” or “philia”

e.g.basophilia, leucocytosis

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14
Q

Possible cause of neutrophilia

A

Steroid use

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15
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count

Caused by liver disease, consumption or ‘trapping’ (enlarged spleen)

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16
Q

Additional information from blood film examination

A

Target cells in liver disease

Red cell fragments (valvular heart disease)

17
Q

Laboratory assessment of components of plasma

A 
Coagulation proteins (secondary haemostasis)
Plasma viscosity
18
Q

Haemostasis

A

The arrest of bleeding and maintenance of vascular patency

19
Q

Components of haemostasis (4)

A

Permanent state of readiness
Prompt response
Localised response
Protection against unwanted thrombosis

20
Q

Plasma analysis measures for

A

Formation of fibrin clot (secondary haemostasis)
Fibrinolysis
Anticoagulant defences

21
Q

Coagulation Tests

A

Prothrombin time (PT)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
Fibrinogen

22
Q

What can cause a prolongation in coagulation times? (3)

A

Multiple coagulation factor deficiencies (liver disease)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (excessive blood clotting)
PT prolongs before aPTT
Monitoring anti-coagulant therapy

23
Q

Measurement of Fibrinolysis

A

D-dimers , a Fibrin degradation product

24
Q

What can cause increased plasma viscosity?

A

Systemic inflammation

Haematological malignancies producing an abnormal protein

Respiratory (19 decks)

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