Pulmonary transplants - pleural causes Flashcards
Atelectasis
What is collapsed lung?
alveoli collapse or do not expand properly
Atelectasis
When is a collapsed lung more common?
post-op respiratory complication but seen in those with RLD
Atelectasis
What are the 3 ways the lungs can be affected?
- collapse of the lung in pneumothorax
- compression via pleural fluid
- obstruction of air in alveoli
Atelectasis
It can increase the risk for?
For pulmonary complications:
- infection
- reduced compliance
- acute respiratory failure
Atelectasis
What is the clinical presentation?
- dyspnea
- shallow breathing
- dry or productive cough
- decreased breath sounds
- hypoxia
- tachypnea
- crackles or wheezes
- decreased tactile fremitus
- low grade fever
Atelectasis
What is the treatment?
Incentive spirometry
supplemental O2
get the patient up and moving
- goal: get airways open and perform an effective cough
What occurs during a pleural effusion?
An abnormal fluid buildup in the space that limits lung expansion
Pleural Effusion
What is the most common causes?
Heart failure
Pneumonia
malignant neoplasm
Pleural effusion
What is a transudative type?
increased hydrostatic pressures in pleural capillaries = more fluid in the space
Pleural Effusion
Bilateral pleural effusions can be the result from what?
Heart failure
Pleural Effusion
What is exudative type?
increased permeability lets fluid move into the space
Pleaural effusion
What is the most common cause of exudative type?
an inflammatory or neoplastic disease caused by infection or tumor cells
Pleural effusion
What is the clinical presentation?
Breath sounds will be dimished
dullness to percussion
decreasd tactile fremitus
limited pleural friction
Pleural effusion
What are the sx?
Asymptomatic
dyspnea
pleural chest w/ inflammation
dry-nonproductive cough
Pleural effusion
What are the treatments?
Target underlying cause
thoracentesis
O2 if needed
pain management
What is pleuritis?
Swelling or irritation between the two layers = friction
Pleuritis
What are the sx?
- Sharp or stabbing pain (pleuritic pain)
- gets worse with a cough or deep breath
- dyspnea
- radiate to shoulder/back
Pleuritis
What is the clinical presentation?
- chest palpation = sandpaper rubbing sort of sensation over affected area
- increased fremitus
What is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
widespread inflammatory condition affecting lung tissue
medical emergency - dangerous, potentially fatal respiratory conditions
ARDS
What triggers?
- illness
- trauma
- complication following medical procedure
ARDS
What leads to respiratory failure?
changes for air-filled to fluid-filled organ
ARDS
What are the sx?
- acutely ill
- dyspea at rest
- fast RR or labored
- cyanotic
- anxiety
- impairment mental status
ARDS
What are the treatments?
- figure out what is causing
- mechanical ventilation
- position the patient in prone (improve oxygenation)
