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PHTH 536 - Body Systems > Pulmonary - cardiovascular causes > Flashcards

Pulmonary - cardiovascular causes Flashcards

1
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

Excessive fluid moving from pulmonary vascular system into the parenchyma = usually intestitial areas

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2
Q

Pulmonary Edema

What are the 2 categories?

A
  • cardiogenic
  • non-cardiogenic
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3
Q

Pulmonary edema

What is the cause of cardiogenic?

A

Heart failure

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4
Q

Pulmonary edema

What are the causes of non-cardiogenic?

A

could be lympathatic system insufficiency or ARDS

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5
Q

Pulmonary edema

Left sided heart failure results in what?

A

fluid backing up into the pulmonary veins = increase pressure in pulmonary circulation

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6
Q

Pulmonary edema

Increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation results in what eventually?

A

Increases fluid buildip into the interstitial area and alveoli

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7
Q

Pulmonary edema

What sx eventually lead to RLD?

A
  • work of breathing increases
  • lung complaince decreases
  • disruption in gas exchange
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8
Q

Pulmonary edema

What are the sx?

A
  • respiratory distress
  • dyspnea (at worse lying down)
  • paroxysmal distress
  • cyanotic
  • increased RR
  • labored breathing
  • pallor
  • diaphoresis
  • anxiety
  • cough = pink, frothy sputum
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9
Q

Pulmonary edema

What do we find with an exam?

A
  • decreased breath sounds
  • crackles
  • increased tactile
  • S3
  • LE edema may be present
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10
Q

Pulmonary edema

What are the treatments?

A
  • supplemental O2
  • control underlying condition
  • bronchial hygiene to aid in secretion clearance
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11
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What is the prevelance in the U.S?

A

1-2 per 1000 affected annually
60k-100k die of DVT/PE
- sudden death = 25% of people who have a PE
- 10-30% die in 1 month of dx
- 30-50% long-term complications
- 33% will have reccurrence within 10 years

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12
Q

Pulmonary embolism

Who is at risk?

A
  • CHF
  • acute MI
  • CVA
  • under 40 y.o
  • obesity
  • lupus
  • immobilized or bed rest
  • SCI
  • trauma
  • oral contraceptives
  • post-op ortho surgery
  • prior DVT
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13
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What are the causes?

A

Because of a complication of a DVT
- most commonly from leg contributes to sudden block of pulm artery

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14
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What are the sx?

A
  • acute dyspnea or tachypnea
  • chest pain
  • cough with hemoptysis
  • tachy and weak
  • hypotensive
  • lightheaded
  • dizzy
  • syncope
  • anxiety
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15
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What is the treatment?

A
  • prevention of DVT with exercise and medications
  • heparin therapy is most common to treat DVT
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16
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What are the risk factors?

A

For LE thrombus formation

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17
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What is indicative of immediate medical intervention?

A

confirmed hypotensive or cardiogenic shock

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18
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What is the PE is non-emergent?

A

Low risk = complete Well’s score
- peform D-dimer

19
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What is a D-dimer?

A

a marker for fibrinolysis
- measures by product of blood clotting
- released when blood clot starts to break down
- high sensitivity/low specificity for detecting PE/DVS

20
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What is the norms?

A

Normal < .050
elevated is +

21
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What if its moderate to high-risk?

A

Go straight to imaging:
- CPTA
- V/Q scan ventilation perfusion scan was used historically

22
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What is the gold standard for imaging?

A

CPTA

23
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What is the primary management?

A

Prevention
- compression stockings
- intermittent pneumatic compression
- early mobilization
- anticoagulants
- IVC filter

24
Q

Pulmonary embolism

What is the acute management?

A

thrombolytic therapy + pulmonary embolectomy
- heparin is most commonly to treat PE

25
Q

What is pulmonary hypertension?

A

high BP in the lungs

26
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What are the causes?

A

Blood vessels in the lungs become damaged, stiff, narrow
- need right-side of heart to work harder

27
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is the signs and sx?

A
  • jugular venous distention
  • irregular heart sonds
  • edema in abdomen or LEs
28
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is group 1?

A

pulmonary arterial hypertension

arteries in lung narrow, thicken, stiffen
- can progress from normal to thrombi formation
- BP can’t overcome the resistance = flow backs up so decreased blood to lungs and O2 is reduced

29
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

Leaving group 1 untreated will lead to?

A

R-sided HF and death

30
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is the treatment of group 1?

A

therapy targeted for pulmonary arteries

31
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is the goal of group 1?

A

sx relief
QOL
slow disease progression

32
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is the most common causes of group 1?

A
  • dyspneea on exertion
  • fainting
33
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is group 2?

A

due to left-sided heart heart disease
- systolic/diastolic dysfunction

34
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What occurs when the L-side can’t keep up with the blood coming from the lungs?

A

theres a backup of blood = raising pressure in the lungs

35
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is the treatment of group 2?

A

management of L HF

36
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is group 3?

A

due to lung disease

chronic lung disease and/or chronic hypoxemia

37
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is the possible causes of chronic lung diseases for group 3?

A
  • obstructive and RLD
  • sleep apnea
  • licing in high altitude for a long time
38
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is treatment of group 3?

A

manage underlying lung condition

39
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

The artries in the lungs will tighten causing?

A

Tighten so that blood can only go to well ventilated areas of the lungs

40
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is group 4?

A

Due to chronic blood clots in the lungs
- not able to dissolve the blot in the lungs

41
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What does chronic thromboembolic lead to?

A

scarring in the artery = increasing resistance

R side needs to work harder

42
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is the treament for group 4?

A

thromboendarterectomy surgery or medication if not a surgical candidate

43
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

What is group 5?

A

Because of associated condition or unknown origin

sarcoidosis, sickle-cell anemia, splenectomy, metabolic disorders

44
Q
A

PHTH 536 - Body Systems (28 decks)

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