Pulmonary System Flashcards
1
Q
Function of the pulmonary system
A
- supply oxygen & eliminate carbon dioxide from the body through ventilation & respiration
- enzymatic reactions for blood pressure
- acid base balance
2
Q
What is included in the upper respiratory system
A
- nose
- nasal cavity
- oral cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
3
Q
What is included in the lower respiratory system
A
- trachea
- bronchial tree (lungs)
4
Q
Anatomy of the lungs
A
- right lung has 3 lobes and is larger
- left lung has 2 lobes
- there is a inner visceral pleura and an outer parietal pleura creating a pleural cavity which contains pleural fluid
5
Q
Describe the anatomy of the airway
A
- starts in the trachea, goes into bronchi, then bronchioles, and finally alveolar ducts
6
Q
Describe ventilation
A
- passive process for the lungs - changes in atmospheric pressures
- inspiration: size of thoracic cavity increases due to the diaphragm contraction & descending, pressure in thorax decreases
- expiration: size of thoracic cavity decreases due to diaphragm relaxing & ascending, pressure in thorax increases
7
Q
Describe external respiration
A
- gas exchange at alveolar capillary between atmosphere & pulmonary capillaries
- inhalation from environment
- diffuses through pulmonary capillary wall
- travels blood plasma into RBC & occupies hemoglobin
- left side of heart to system
8
Q
escribe internal respiration
A
- gas exchange at the tissue capillary level
- arterial blood reaches the tissues
- oxygen moves from hemoglobin out of RBC, through capillary, cell membrane to mitochondria of tissue
- producing carbon dioxide as by product of metabolism, enters into hemoglobin
- venous system takes over back to pulmonary artery & capillary to atmosphere
9
Q
Define quit inspiration
A
- resting or sitting quietly, 70% diaphragm, external intercostals prime movers
10
Q
Define deep inspiration
A
- actions of quiet increase, increase in effort, increase action of muscles that pull ribs up
- Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pec major, levator costarum, & serratus posterior superior
11
Q
Define forced inspiration
A
- state of hard work, increase O2 demand, muscles of shoulder stabilization/elevation engage
- diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pec major, elevator costarum, serratus posterior superior, elevator scapulae, upper traps, rhomboids, & pec minor
12
Q
Define quiet expiration
A
- passive action, relaxation of diaphragm & gravity
- relaxation of diaphragm & external intercostals, recoil of thoracic wall, lungs, & bronchi, gravity
13
Q
Define forced expiration
A
- engage muscles, pull down ribs & compress abdomen, force diaphragm upward
- internal intercostals, external & internal obliques, transverse abdominus, quadratus lumborum, & serratus posterior inferior
14
Q
Describe renin angiotensin system (RAS)
A
- regulates BP by regulating volume of fluids & vascular resistance
- renin is released by the kidneys into the blood stream, binds to angiotensinogen which is released by the liver and activates it into angiotensin I
- lung capillaries - ACE convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- angiotensin II - vasoconstrictive peptide, blood vessels to narrow = increased BP
15
Q
Maintenance of pH
A
- scale is 0 is acidic - 7.0 is neutral - 14.0 is basic/alkaline
- normal pH is 7.4; <7.35 = acidic; >7.45 = basic/alkaline
- acids form H+ ions
- bases combine with H+ ions
