Lab Tests & Values

Question 1

Normal White Blood Cell (WBC) Count

Answer 1

4,500 - 11,000

Question 2

Recommendation for someone with a WBC count < 4,500

Answer 2

light exercise

Question 3

Recommendation for someone with a WBC count < 1,000

Answer 3

wear a mask and no exercise

Question 4

Normal platelet count

Answer 4

150,000 - 400,000

Question 5

Recommendation for someone with a platelet count < 20,000

Answer 5

no exercise

Question 6

Define Leukopenia

Answer 6

low white blood cell count which leaves the body more open to infection

Question 7

Define Thrombocytopenia

Answer 7

low platelet count which help the blood to clot

Question 8

Define Anemia

Answer 8

low hemoglobin/low red blood cell count which carry oxygen

Question 9

Symptoms of Anemia

Answer 9

easily fatigued
weakness
muscle cramping
dyspnea
rapid pulse

Question 10

Recommendation for someone with a hemoglobin test between 8 - 10

Answer 10

light exercise to tolerance

Question 11

Recommendation for someone with a hemoglobin test < 8

Answer 11

no exercise

Question 12

Recommendation for someone with a hematocrit test between 30% - 32%

Answer 12

resistance as tolerated

Question 13

Recommendation for someone with a hematocrit test > 25%

Answer 13

light exercise

Question 14

Recommendation for someone with a hematocrit test < 25%

Answer 14

no exercise

Question 15

Normal red blood cell count

Answer 15

Female: 4.1 - 5.1
Male: 4.5 - 5.3

Question 16

What happens if someone’s red blood cell count becomes < 4.1

Answer 16

it results in anemia symptoms

Question 17

What is light exercise

Answer 17

ROM, PROM, AAROM
ankle pumps
weight shifts
bed mobility
positioning
transfers

Question 18

Define Hypernatremia and its cause

Answer 18

high concentration of sodium (Na+) resulting from excessive water loss

Question 19

Define Hyponatremia and its cause

Answer 19

low sodium concentration resulting from excessive infusion or ingestion of fluid

Question 20

Symptoms of Hypernatremia

Answer 20

hypotension
tachycardia
irritability
weakness
confusion

Question 21

Symptoms of Hyponatremia

Answer 21

weakness
decreased reflexes
confusion
pitting edema
coma
diseases of water retention

Question 22

Symptoms of Hyperkalemia

Answer 22

ECG changes
bradycardia
nausea and vomiting
paralysis

Question 23

Symptoms of Hypokalemia

Answer 23

venrtricular dysrhythmia
cardia arrest
weakness
disorientation
hypotension
clammy skin

Question 24

Symptoms of Hyperchloremia

Answer 24

chloride levels > 115
diarrhea
decreased level of consciousness
hypertension
tachycardia

Question 25

Symptoms of Hypochloremia

Answer 25

chloride levels < 80 dehydration muscle weakness decreased reflexes coma

Question 26

Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia

Answer 26

kidney failure excessive laxative use nausea and vomiting chemotherapy hypotension decreased reflexes weakness

Question 27

Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia

Answer 27

weakness muscle cramps confusion irregular heartbeat coronary artery vasospasm death

Question 28

Symptoms of Hypercalcemia

Answer 28

kidney stones cancer ventricular dysrhythmia coma decreased deep tendon reflex lethargy muscle weakness

Question 29

Symptoms of Hypocalcemia

Answer 29

anxiety confusion agitation EKG changes seizures fatigue numbness and tingling hyperreflexia muscle cramps

Question 30

What causes decreased and increased urea

Answer 30

decrease = liver damage increase = excessive protein breakdown

Question 31

Normal BUN creatine ratio

Answer 31

10:1 - 20:1

Question 32

What is the meaning of an increased and decreased BUN creatine ratio

Answer 32

increased (>20:1) = decrease blood flow to the kidneys decreased (<10:1) = liver failure

Question 33

Define Hypoglycemia and its symptoms

Answer 33

Venous plasma level < 70 mg/dl diaphoresis tachycardia increased respiratory rate hypotension inability to follow commands tingling visual changes seizures unresponsiveness

Question 34

Define Hyperglycemia

Answer 34

Venous plasma level > 250 mg/dl is risky for exercise Venous plasma level > 300 ketoacidosis

Question 35

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

Answer 35

lethargy acetone breath dehydration polyuria thirst confusion nausea and vomiting weak rapid pulse deep rapid labored breathing

Question 36

What is a PT/INR test used for

Answer 36

used to evaluate proper anticoagulation (blood clotting)

Question 37

Normal and therapeutic INR levels

Answer 37

Normal: 0.8 - 1.2 (blood clotting normally) Therapeutic: 2 -3 (blood clots slower)

Question 38

Define a D-dimer test

Answer 38

a blood test that measures D-dimer which is made when blood clots dissolve in the body (normally undetectable)

Question 39

Define arterial blood gases

Answer 39

effectiveness of ventilation & oxygen transport by measuring the amount of O2, CO2, & related chemical components

Question 40

Recommendations for someone with O2 saturation at 90%, < 90%, & 85%

Answer 40

90% - or greater is ideal with activity < 90% - O2 is recommended 85% - medicare requirement

Question 41

Define Troponin enzymes

Answer 41

enzymes specific to muscle tissue & quite specific for myocardial injury (MI)

Question 42

What is indicated when Troponin enzymes are elevated

Answer 42

- slight elevation indicates unstable angina & MI - elevated troponin indicates increased risk for mortality for the next few months

Question 43

What is C reactive protein (CRP) associated with

Answer 43

Elevated blood sugar & triglycerides Hypertension Poor diet Sedentary lifestyle

Question 44

Define erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Answer 44

the rate at which red blood cells separate from plasma

Question 45

What level of CRP is considered elevated and if elevated what does it mean

Answer 45

>1 is considered elevated If elevated then it means inflammation or infection