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Clinical Medicine I > Lab Tests & Values > Flashcards

Lab Tests & Values Flashcards

1
Q

Normal White Blood Cell (WBC) Count

A

4,500 - 11,000

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2
Q

Recommendation for someone with a WBC count < 4,500

A

light exercise

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3
Q

Recommendation for someone with a WBC count < 1,000

A

wear a mask and no exercise

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4
Q

Normal platelet count

A

150,000 - 400,000

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5
Q

Recommendation for someone with a platelet count < 20,000

A

no exercise

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6
Q

Define Leukopenia

A

low white blood cell count which leaves the body more open to infection

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7
Q

Define Thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet count which help the blood to clot

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8
Q

Define Anemia

A

low hemoglobin/low red blood cell count which carry oxygen

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9
Q

Symptoms of Anemia

A

easily fatigued
weakness
muscle cramping
dyspnea
rapid pulse

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10
Q

Recommendation for someone with a hemoglobin test between 8 - 10

A

light exercise to tolerance

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11
Q

Recommendation for someone with a hemoglobin test < 8

A

no exercise

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12
Q

Recommendation for someone with a hematocrit test between 30% - 32%

A

resistance as tolerated

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13
Q

Recommendation for someone with a hematocrit test > 25%

A

light exercise

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14
Q

Recommendation for someone with a hematocrit test < 25%

A

no exercise

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15
Q

Normal red blood cell count

A

Female: 4.1 - 5.1
Male: 4.5 - 5.3

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16
Q

What happens if someone’s red blood cell count becomes < 4.1

A

it results in anemia symptoms

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17
Q

What is light exercise

A

ROM, PROM, AAROM
ankle pumps
weight shifts
bed mobility
positioning
transfers

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18
Q

Define Hypernatremia and its cause

A

high concentration of sodium (Na+) resulting from excessive water loss

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19
Q

Define Hyponatremia and its cause

A

low sodium concentration resulting from excessive infusion or ingestion of fluid

20
Q

Symptoms of Hypernatremia

A

hypotension
tachycardia
irritability
weakness
confusion

21
Q

Symptoms of Hyponatremia

A

weakness
decreased reflexes
confusion
pitting edema
coma
diseases of water retention

22
Q

Symptoms of Hyperkalemia

A

ECG changes
bradycardia
nausea and vomiting
paralysis

23
Q

Symptoms of Hypokalemia

A

venrtricular dysrhythmia
cardia arrest
weakness
disorientation
hypotension
clammy skin

24
Q

Symptoms of Hyperchloremia

A

chloride levels > 115
diarrhea
decreased level of consciousness
hypertension
tachycardia

25
Q

Symptoms of Hypochloremia

A

chloride levels < 80
dehydration
muscle weakness
decreased reflexes
coma

26
Q

Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia

A

kidney failure
excessive laxative use
nausea and vomiting chemotherapy
hypotension
decreased reflexes
weakness

27
Q

Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia

A

weakness
muscle cramps
confusion
irregular heartbeat
coronary artery vasospasm
death

28
Q

Symptoms of Hypercalcemia

A

kidney stones
cancer
ventricular dysrhythmia
coma
decreased deep tendon reflex
lethargy
muscle weakness

29
Q

Symptoms of Hypocalcemia

A

anxiety
confusion
agitation
EKG changes
seizures
fatigue
numbness and tingling
hyperreflexia
muscle cramps

30
Q

What causes decreased and increased urea

A

decrease = liver damage
increase = excessive protein breakdown

31
Q

Normal BUN creatine ratio

A

10:1 - 20:1

32
Q

What is the meaning of an increased and decreased BUN creatine ratio

A

increased (>20:1) = decrease blood flow to the kidneys
decreased (<10:1) = liver failure

33
Q

Define Hypoglycemia and its symptoms

A

Venous plasma level < 70 mg/dl

diaphoresis
tachycardia
increased respiratory rate
hypotension
inability to follow commands
tingling
visual changes
seizures
unresponsiveness

34
Q

Define Hyperglycemia

A

Venous plasma level > 250 mg/dl is risky for exercise
Venous plasma level > 300 ketoacidosis

35
Q

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

A

lethargy
acetone breath
dehydration
polyuria
thirst
confusion
nausea and vomiting
weak rapid pulse
deep rapid labored breathing

36
Q

What is a PT/INR test used for

A

used to evaluate proper anticoagulation (blood clotting)

37
Q

Normal and therapeutic INR levels

A

Normal: 0.8 - 1.2 (blood clotting normally)
Therapeutic: 2 -3 (blood clots slower)

38
Q

Define a D-dimer test

A

a blood test that measures D-dimer which is made when blood clots dissolve in the body (normally undetectable)

39
Q

Define arterial blood gases

A

effectiveness of ventilation & oxygen transport by measuring the amount of O2, CO2, & related chemical components

40
Q

Recommendations for someone with O2 saturation at 90%, < 90%, & 85%

A

90% - or greater is ideal with activity
< 90% - O2 is recommended
85% - medicare requirement

41
Q

Define Troponin enzymes

A

enzymes specific to muscle tissue & quite specific for myocardial injury (MI)

42
Q

What is indicated when Troponin enzymes are elevated

A
  • slight elevation indicates unstable angina & MI
  • elevated troponin indicates increased risk for mortality for the next few months
43
Q

What is C reactive protein (CRP) associated with

A

Elevated blood sugar & triglycerides
Hypertension
Poor diet
Sedentary lifestyle

44
Q

Define erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

the rate at which red blood cells separate from plasma

45
Q

What level of CRP is considered elevated and if elevated what does it mean

A

> 1 is considered elevated
If elevated then it means inflammation or infection

Clinical Medicine I (26 decks)

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