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Cardiopulmonary I > Pulmonary Physiology > Flashcards

Pulmonary Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

__________ is the distensibility of lung tissue and describes how well it can stretch with inhalation.

A

Compliance

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2
Q

What is the role of compliance in lung physiology?

A

It measures how easily the lung tissue can stretch during inhalation.

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3
Q

Which property of the lung is primarily responsible for allowing it to recoil after distention?
A) Compliance
B) Surface tension
C) Elasticity
D) Airway resistance

A

C) Elasticity

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4
Q

__________ is the ability of the lung to return to its initial size after being distended.

A

Elasticity

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5
Q

high levels of _____ and _____ allow for recoil in order to achieve elasticity

A

elastin and collagen

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6
Q

Surface tension in the lungs is maintained by __________, which prevents airway collapse.

A

surfactant

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7
Q

The diameter of the airways and their resistance are controlled by the __________.

A

autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

What is the effect of surfactant on lung function?
A) It increases lung compliance.
B) It allows the lung to expand more easily.
C) It helps prevent airway collapse during inhalation.
D) It enables the lung to get smaller during exhalation.

A

D) It enables the lung to get smaller during exhalation.

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9
Q

Which airways are responsible for higher airway resistance?
A) Lower airways
B) Upper airways
C) Alveolar ducts
D) Bronchioles

A

B) Upper airways

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10
Q

what influence does lower airways have on airway resistance?
a) responsible for lower airway resistance
b) responsible for higher airway resistance
c) does not have an influence on airway resistance because it is too irregular
d) does not have an influence on airway resistance because it is too small

A

c) does not have an influence on airway resistance because it is too irregular

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11
Q

The movement of air in and out of the lungs is primarily influenced by the relationship between __________ and pressure fluctuations.

A

muscle contractions

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12
Q

What happens when the diaphragm and other muscles of respiration contract?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure decreases, allowing air to move into the lungs.

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13
Q

What is the effect of decreased intrapulmonary pressure during inhalation?
A) Air moves out of the lungs
B) Air moves into the lungs
C) No air movement occurs
D) Lungs collapse

A

B) Air moves into the lungs

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14
Q

When the diaphragm contracts, it causes a __________ in intrapulmonary pressure.

A

decrease

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15
Q

Which muscle is primarily responsible for initiating inhalation?
A) External intercostals
B) Abdominal muscles
C) Diaphragm
D) Internal intercostals

A

C) Diaphragm

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16
Q

Tidal volume (TV) is approximately __________ of air normally inhaled and exhaled at rest.

A

500 mL

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17
Q

What is the approximate volume of the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
A) 500 mL
B) 1000 mL
C) 3000 mL
D) 1200 mL

A

C) 3000 mL

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18
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is approximately __________ of air that can be exhaled past normal.

A

1000 mL

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19
Q

What is the residual volume (RV)?

A

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after forceful exhalation, approximately 1200 mL.

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20
Q

What is the vital capacity (VC)?
A) Total volume of air in the lungs
B) Max exhalation following max inhalation
C) Volume of air remaining after exhalation
D) Air that can be inhaled beyond normal

A

B) Max exhalation following max inhalation

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21
Q

The __________ is responsible for voluntary and conscious breathing.

A

Motor cortex of the frontal lobe

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22
Q

What does the apneustic center facilitate?
A) Inhibition of inhalation
B) Prolonged breathing patterns
C) Forced exhalation
D) Voluntary breathing

A

B) Prolonged breathing patterns

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23
Q

What role does the medulla play in respiration?

A

It controls inspiration and forced exhalation.

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24
Q

The pneumotaxic center, located in the __________, regulates the rhythms of ventilation and inhibits apneic breathing.

A

Pons

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25
Q

What is the function of the apneustic center?
A) Control involuntary breathing
B) Facilitate prolonged breathing patterns
C) Regulate heart rate
D) Manage blood pressure

A

B) Facilitate prolonged breathing patterns

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26
Q

The __________ regulates the timing of inhalation and exhalation and inhibits apneic breathing.

A

Pneumotaxic center

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27
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for inspiration and forced exhalation?
A) Apneustic center
B) Motor cortex
C) Medulla
D) Pons

A

C) Medulla

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28
Q

Central chemoreceptors are located in the __________ and facilitate increased respiratory depth and rate.

A

Medulla

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29
Q

What is the function of central chemoreceptors?

A

They facilitate increasing respiratory depth and rate to restore normal blood gas levels.

30
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
A) In the brain
B) In the spinal cord
C) In the carotid artery and aortic arch
D) In the lungs

A

C) In the carotid artery and aortic arch

31
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors facilitate increased ventilation in response to __________ or low __________ levels.

A

High CO2; O2

32
Q

What is the primary response of peripheral chemoreceptors when there are high levels of CO2?
A) Decrease ventilation
B) Increase ventilation
C) No response
D) Increase heart rate

A

B) Increase ventilation

33
Q

The central chemoreceptors help to restore normal blood gas levels by facilitating an increase in __________ and __________.

A

Respiratory depth; rate

34
Q

What is the function of irritant receptors in the respiratory system?

A

They initiate the cough reflex.

35
Q

Stretch receptors protect the lung from __________ inflation.

A

Excessive

36
Q

What reflex is initiated by irritant receptors?
A) Sneezing reflex
B) Cough reflex
C) Gag reflex
D) Yawning reflex

A

B) Cough reflex

37
Q

Stretch receptors in the lungs help protect against __________.

A

Excessive inflation

38
Q

What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during inhalation?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure decreases, allowing air to flow in

39
Q

What is the relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and air movement during exhalation?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure increases, causing air to be expelled out.

40
Q

During inhalation, __________ pressure decreases, leading to airflow into the lungs.

A

intrapulmonary

41
Q

What is the role of intrapleural pressure in lung mechanics?

A

Intrapleural pressure creates negative pressure within the pleural space due to the elastic tension of the lungs trying to collapse and the outward pull of the thoracic wall trying to expand the lungs.

42
Q

The opposition between the elastic tension of the lung and the outward pull of the thoracic wall results in __________ pressure within the pleural space.

A

negative

43
Q

What is the relationship between intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures?

A

Intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure, which allows changes in lung volume.

44
Q

Transmural pressures are created when intrapleural pressure is __________ than intrapulmonary pressure.

A

less

45
Q

What is the primary process of respiration in the lungs?

A

Gas exchange facilitated by diffusion.

46
Q

The process of respiration delivers ________ used for energy production.

A

O2

47
Q

What waste product is removed during respiration?

A

CO2

48
Q

Gas exchange occurs at the __________-capillary membrane.

A

alveolar

49
Q

How does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

Due to differences in pressure gradients between different gas molecules.

50
Q

What is the partial pressure of a gas?

A

The amount of pressure exerted by a gas within a mixture.

51
Q

Atmospheric air is composed of approximately _______ nitrogen.
Atmospheric air contains about _______ oxygen.

A

79.04% [79%]
20.93% [21%]

52
Q

In a liquid, gases are dissolved in proportion to their _________.

A

partial pressure

53
Q

What two gases are involved in diffusion at the alveolar-capillary membrane?

A

Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

54
Q

partial pressures of O2 and CO2 exist in both ____ and _______

A

alveoli (air) and capillary (blood)

55
Q

Gases diffuse from areas of ________ concentration to areas of ________ concentration.

A

high; low

56
Q

Where does gas exchange occur during diffusion

A

Across the alveolar membrane.

57
Q

What is perfusion in the context of the lungs?

Perfusion affects the capacity for ________ exchange.

A

The amount of blood flow to the lungs.

gas

58
Q

How is lung vasculature characterized in terms of resistance and pressure?

A

Lungs have low-resistance and low-pressure vasculature.

59
Q

where does more blood pool in our lungs when in the following positions:
– standing/sitting
– sidelying
– supine

A

– bottom of lungs
– on side (whichever one pt is lying in)
– back

60
Q

What is ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) matching?

A

The distribution of gas (ventilation) and blood (perfusion) at the alveolar-capillary interface that must be matched for optimal gas exchange.

61
Q

Both ventilation and perfusion are greater in ________ areas due to gravity.

A

gravity-dependent

62
Q

What occurs if perfusion exceeds ventilation?

A

A shunt, where blood flows without air.

63
Q

What happens when ventilation exceeds perfusion?

A

Dead space, where air is present but there is no blood flow.

64
Q

How is oxygen (O2) transported in the blood?

How is carbon dioxide (CO2) transported in the body?

A

Oxygen is transported by binding with hemoglobin (Hgb).

Carbon dioxide is transported by hemoglobin, bicarbonate (HCO3), or plasma.

65
Q

What factors determine the delivery of oxygen to tissues?

A

Delivery is dependent on blood flow and the amount of oxygen content.

66
Q

Which organs maintain acid-base balance in the body?

A

lungs + kidneys.

67
Q

What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve illustrate?

A

relationship between the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin and the ability of red blood cells to release oxygen to tissues that need it most.

68
Q

What is the significance of an SpO2 of 90%?

A

minimum oxygen concentration needed to prevent tissue ischemia.

69
Q

What does a left shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?

A

Hemoglobin holds onto oxygen more tightly, leading to more oxygen bound to hemoglobin and lower partial pressures of oxygen due to lower temperature, less muscle work, and higher blood pH (less acidic).

70
Q

What does a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?

A

Hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily to tissues that need it, resulting in less oxygen bound to hemoglobin, which occurs naturally during exercise, higher temperatures, and lower blood pH (more acidic).

71
Q

what’s an example of an activity that indicates:
– Left shift?
– R shift?

A

sleeping
exercising or illness (body is working hard)

Cardiopulmonary I (25 decks)

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