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Cardiopulmonary I > Pulmonary Anatomy > Flashcards

Pulmonary Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What structures form the thoracic cavity?

A

The ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and clavicles form the thoracic cavity.

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2
Q

The thoracic cavity contains the right and left __________ and the ________

A

pulmonary cavities, mediastinum

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3
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the thoracic cavity?
A) Protects cardiopulmonary organs
B) Provides a framework for muscle attachment
C) Produces red blood cells
D) Assists in breathing

A

C) Produces red blood cells

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4
Q

The thoracic cavity provides the skeletal framework for the attachment of muscles used for __________.

A

breathing

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5
Q

Which of the following is covered and protected by the thoracic cavity?

A) Digestive organs
B) Cardiopulmonary organs
C) Skeletal muscles
D) Peripheral nerves

A

B) Cardiopulmonary organs

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6
Q

What is the sternum, and where is it located?

A

The sternum is a flat breastbone that sits directly over the mediastinum.

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7
Q

The thickest part of the sternum is the __________, which articulates with the __________ and ribs __________.

A

manubrium, clavicles, 1-2

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8
Q

Which ribs does the body of the sternum articulate with?

A

Ribs 3-7

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9
Q

The Angle of Louis marks the level of which anatomical structure?
A) The diaphragm
B) The bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left main stem bronchi
C) The pulmonary veins
D) The thoracic inlet

A

B) The bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left main stem bronchi

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10
Q

The most caudal portion of the sternum is the __________, which does not ossify until the __________ years.

A

xiphoid, teenage

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11
Q

What are vertebrosternal ribs, and how do they attach?

A

Vertebrosternal ribs, or “true ribs,” are ribs 1-7, and they attach to the sternum via their costal cartilage.

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12
Q

Vertebrochondral ribs, also known as “false ribs,” include ribs __________ and attach to the rib above via their __________.

A

8-10, costal cartilage

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13
Q

How do ribs 11-12 differ from the other ribs?

A

They end freely without attaching to the sternum or another rib.

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14
Q

The weakest point of the rib is where the __________ bends.

A

shaft

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15
Q

What is the clinical implication of the weakest point in the rib?
A) It is more prone to fracture at the point where the shaft bends.
B) It makes the rib stronger for breathing.
C) It allows flexibility in rib movement.
D) It prevents injury during forceful impact.

A

A) It is more prone to fracture at the point where the shaft bends.

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16
Q

What movements do the inspiratory muscles produce to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

The inspiratory muscles produce “bucket-handle” and “pump-handle” movements of the ribs and sternum to increase thoracic cavity volume.

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17
Q

The primary muscle of inspiration is the __________, which is innervated by the __________ nerve, originating from __________.

A

diaphragm, phrenic, C3-5

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18
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?
A) It moves upward to push air out of the lungs.
B) It moves downward to increase thoracic volume and create a vacuum effect to pull air into the lungs.
C) It remains stationary to maintain lung pressure.
D) It pulls the ribs closer together to decrease thoracic volume.

A

B) It moves downward to increase thoracic volume and create a vacuum effect to pull air into the lungs.

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19
Q

The __________ intercostals elevate the ribs and expand the chest during inspiration.

A

external

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20
Q

Which muscles elevate the ribs to assist with inspiration?
A) Internal intercostals
B) External intercostals
C) Diaphragm
D) Abdominal muscles

A

B) External intercostals

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21
Q

The __________, __________, and __________ are accessory muscles that assist with inspiration by elevating the ribs or sternum.

A

A: sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, upper trapezius

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22
Q

Which of the following is NOT an accessory inspiratory muscle?
A) Latissimus dorsi
B) Rhomboids
C) Rectus abdominis
D) Pectoralis major

A

C) Rectus abdominis

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23
Q

Which muscle group assists in inspiration by expanding the chest and elevating the ribs?
A) Serratus anterior
B) External obliques
C) Internal intercostals
D) Transversus abdominis

A

A) Serratus anterior

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24
Q

Why is expiration more passive than inspiration?

A

Expiration is more passive because it relies on elastic recoil, requiring less energy than inspiration.

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25
Q

The __________ muscles increase intra-abdominal pressure to help expel air during expiration.

A

abdominal

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26
Q

Which of the following muscles are primarily involved in decreasing thoracic volume during expiration?

A) External intercostals
B) Internal intercostals
C) Diaphragm
D) Sternocleidomastoid

A

B) Internal intercostals

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27
Q

The __________ muscles depress the ribs to decrease thoracic volume during expiration.

A

internal intercostals

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28
Q

Which of the following describes the role of abdominal muscles in expiration?
A) Elevating the ribs
B) Increasing intra-abdominal pressure to assist in air expulsion
C) Expanding the chest cavity
D) Reducing rib cage flexibility

A

B) Increasing intra-abdominal pressure to assist in air expulsion

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29
Q

What is the primary function of the lungs?

A

The lungs consist of airways and blood vessels to perform gas exchange.

30
Q

The __________ is the superior, cone-shaped portion of the lung, located underneath and superior to rib 1.

A

apex

31
Q

Where is the base of the lungs located?
A) Superior to the diaphragm
B) On the mediastinal surface
C) Superior to rib 1
D) At the hilum

A

A) Superior to the diaphragm

32
Q

The __________ of the lungs is where the bronchi, pulmonary arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves enter each lung.

A

root

33
Q

What is the hilum of the lungs?
A) The inferior surface of the lungs
B) The entrance of structures into the lungs through the mediastinal surface
C) The point where air exchange occurs
D) The attachment of the diaphragm to the lungs

A

B) The entrance of structures into the lungs through the mediastinal surface

34
Q

The right lung is __________ than the left lung and has __________ lobes.

A

larger, 3

35
Q

How many fissures does the right lung have, and what are their names?
A) 1 fissure: Oblique
B) 2 fissures: Horizontal and Oblique
C) 2 fissures: Vertical and Oblique
D) 3 fissures: Horizontal, Oblique, and Vertical

A

B) 2 fissures: Horizontal and Oblique

36
Q

The left lung is __________ and has __________ lobes separated by the __________ fissure.

A

smaller, 2, oblique

37
Q

What structural feature of the left lung accommodates the heart?
A) Horizontal fissure
B) Hilum
C) Cardiac notch
D) Middle lobe

A

C) Cardiac notch

38
Q

The left lung has __________ lobe(s) and __________ fissure(s).

A

2, 1

39
Q

Why are lung segments clinically important?

A

Lung segments correspond with their air supply and are used for naming the location of infection, surgery, tumor, or fluid accumulation.

40
Q

The right and left lobes of the lungs are broken down into segments that correspond with their __________.

A

air supply

41
Q

How are lung segments useful in clinical practice?
A) They determine how the lungs are attached to the chest wall.
B) They are used to locate infections, tumors, and fluid accumulation in the lungs.
C) They define the lobes of the lungs.
D) They indicate the capacity of each lung.

A

B) They are used to locate infections, tumors, and fluid accumulation in the lungs.

42
Q

The __________ pleura is located on the chest wall and is highly innervated.

A

parietal

43
Q

Which pleura has no sensory innervation and is directly on the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

44
Q

The parietal pleura is vascularized by __________ blood vessels, while the visceral pleura is vascularized by __________ blood vessels.

A

high pressure systemic, low pressure pulmonary

45
Q

What is the normal function of the pressure gradient between the parietal and visceral pleura?
A) To increase blood supply to the lungs
B) To maintain a constant fluid movement out of parietal capillaries into the pleural space and reabsorbed by visceral capillaries
C) To facilitate gas exchange in the alveoli
D) To provide structural support to the thoracic cavity

A

B) To maintain a constant fluid movement out of parietal capillaries into the pleural space and reabsorbed by visceral capillaries

46
Q

Under normal conditions, approximately __________ liters of fluid pass through the pleural space each day.

A

5-10

47
Q

what happens if any part of the pressure gradient is disrupted?

A

fluid moves too much, not enough, or not at all

48
Q

What occurs if any part of the pressure gradient between the parietal and visceral pleura is disrupted?
A) Increased fluid absorption by parietal capillaries
B) Fluid accumulation in the pleural space (pleural effusion)
C) Enhanced gas exchange in the lungs
D) Decreased blood flow to the lungs

A

B) Fluid accumulation in the pleural space (pleural effusion)

49
Q

What are the primary functions of the nose in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Air filtration, humidification, temperature control, and olfaction.

50
Q

The __________ connects the nasal cavity to the tracheoesophageal junction and is commonly known as the throat.

A

pharynx

51
Q

Which structure is known as the voice box and sits directly on top of the trachea?
A) Nose
B) Pharynx
C) Larynx
D) Bronchi

A

A: C) Larynx

52
Q

The __________ is responsible for air filtration, humidification, temperature control, and olfaction.

A

A: nose

53
Q

What role does the pharynx play in the respiratory system?
A) It produces sound.
B) It filters and humidifies air.
C) It connects the nasal cavity to the tracheoesophageal junction.
D) It is the primary site for gas exchange.

A

C) It connects the nasal cavity to the tracheoesophageal junction.

54
Q

The __________ is a large airway made of cartilage rings, elastic, and fibrous tissue.

A

trachea

55
Q

What structure splits the trachea into the right and left mainstem bronchi?
A) Carina
B) Larynx
C) Pharynx
D) Alveoli

A

A) Carina

56
Q

The right mainstem bronchi has a __________ angle into the right lung compared to the left.

What is the clinical significance of the steeper angle of the right mainstem bronchi?
A) It allows for better filtration of air.
B) It increases the risk of aspiration into the right lung.
C) It helps in gas exchange efficiency.
D) It decreases airway resistance.

A

steeper
B) It increases the risk of aspiration into the right lung.

57
Q

As the bronchi become smaller, they turn into __________ and __________ bronchi.

The terminal units of the lower respiratory tract include which of the following structures?
A) Larynx, pharynx, trachea
B) Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
C) Carina, right bronchi, left bronchi
D) Alveoli, bronchi, trachea

A

segmental, subsegmental

B) Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

58
Q

The __________ zone is responsible for air movement only and does not facilitate gas exchange.

A

conducting

59
Q

The __________ zone is where gas exchange occurs.

A

respiratory

60
Q

What is the primary function of the conducting zone?

A

To allow air movement without gas exchange.

61
Q

what structures make up the conducting zone?
a) larynx, pharynx
b) capillaries, lungs
c) trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
d) respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

A

C) trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

62
Q

what structures make up the respiratory zone?
a) larynx, pharynx
b) capillaries, lungs
c) trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
d) respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

A

d) respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

63
Q

Which of the following best describes the conducting zone?
A) It is where gas exchange occurs.
B) It is involved in air movement only and does not participate in gas exchange.
C) It includes the alveoli and alveolar ducts.
D) It contains only the bronchi and bronchioles.

A

B) It is involved in air movement only and does not participate in gas exchange.

64
Q

What is the key difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?
A) The conducting zone allows gas exchange; the respiratory zone does not.
B) The conducting zone facilitates air movement; the respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs.
C) The conducting zone includes the lungs; the respiratory zone includes the trachea.
D) There is no difference; both zones perform the same function

A

B) The conducting zone facilitates air movement; the respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs.

65
Q

Type 1 pneumocytes (AT1) are __________ cells

What is the primary function of Type 1 pneumocytes (AT1)?

A

flat

To perform gas exchange.

66
Q

Type 2 pneumocytes (AT2) are __________ cells that produce surfactant.

What is the function of surfactant produced by Type 2 pneumocytes?

A

cuboid

To prevent alveolar collapse by reducing surface tension

67
Q

Which type of pneumocyte is responsible for producing surfactant?
A) Type 1 pneumocytes (AT1)
B) Type 2 pneumocytes (AT2)
C) Both Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes
D) None of the above

A

B) Type 2 pneumocytes (AT2)

68
Q

Cilia are tiny __________ structures that line respiratory epithelial surfaces.

A

hair-like

69
Q

What is the primary function of cilia in the respiratory tract?

A

To help trap and propel substances and secretions upwards.

70
Q

The process of expelling substances from the respiratory tract is known as __________.

A

expectorate (cough)

71
Q

How do cilia assist in maintaining respiratory health?
A) By facilitating gas exchange
B) By trapping and propelling secretions upwards
C) By producing mucus
D) By providing structural support

A

B) By trapping and propelling secretions upwards

72
Q

What is the term used to describe the act of coughing to expel secretions from the respiratory tract?
A) Exhale
B) Expectorate
C) Inspire
D) Inhale

A

B) Expectorate

Cardiopulmonary I (25 decks)

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