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Cardiopulmonary I > Introduction to Cardiopulmonary > Flashcards

Introduction to Cardiopulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the second largest hollow space in the body?

A

thoracic cavity

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2
Q

What structures are a part of the thoracic cavity?

A

ribs
sternum
thoracic vertebrae
heart & lungs
upper abdominal organs

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3
Q

Mediastinum contains all thoracic viscera except ______

A

lungs

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4
Q

________ is located between lung pleurae and contents can ______

A

mediastinum; shift

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5
Q

The heart, cardiac vasculature, esophagus, trachea, thymus, thoracic duct and lymph, phrenic nerve, and cardiac neural structures are a part of the _________

A

mediastinum

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6
Q

Which structure pumps blood to the whole body and approx the size of a closed fist?

A

heart

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7
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located?

A

sits in the 5th intercostal space of the midclavicular

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8
Q

Name the three tissue layers of the heart.

A

pericardium: outer layer “sac”
myocardium: muscular layer
endocardium: inner layer “linning’

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9
Q

tripled wall sac that contains the heart

A

pericardium

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10
Q

What is the visceral layer that contains the coronary vessels on the surface of the heart and is located in the pericardium?

A

epicardium

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11
Q

Inner lying of the heart
contains electrical component
contains valves and chordae tendinae

A

endocardium

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12
Q

__________ atria receives deoxygenated blood from venae cavae

A

right

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13
Q

_____ atria receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

A

left

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14
Q

Which atria contains thicker walls to accommodate for the higher pressure of blood coming from pulmonary circulation?

A

left

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15
Q

What structure separates the atria?

A

interatrial septum

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16
Q

Auricles increase available _______ and pectinate muscles contribute to _________ of atrial contractions

A

capacity; strength

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17
Q

_____ ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium via ______ valve –> sends blood to lungs via pulmonary valve and arteries

A

right; tricuspid

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18
Q

______ ventricle receives oxygenated blood from L atrium via _____ valve
sends blood to the body via the aortic valve and aorta
3x thicker

A

right; mitral (bicuspid)

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19
Q

What structure separates the ventricles?

A

interventicular septum

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20
Q

True or False: Valves have a multi-directional flow?

A

False: unidirectional

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21
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valve functions

A

prevents backflow during ventricular contraction
tricuspid
mitral (bicuspid)

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22
Q

Semilunar (SL) valve functions

A

prevents backflow during ventricular relaxation
pulmonary
aortic

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23
Q

True or False: all valves must be open at the same time.

A

false; valves are never open at the same time

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24
Q

What arteries receive blood during ventricular relaxation while the aortic valve is closed?

A

Coronary

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25
Q

L anterior descending artery (LAD) is also known as the

A

widow maker

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26
Q

LAD blood supply:

A

anterior left ventricle
anterior 2/3 IV septum
small part of right ventricle

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27
Q

Circumflex artery blood supply:

A

L atrium
posterolateral left ventricle
SA node 40%
bundle of HIS

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28
Q

What two main arteries come off the left coronary artery?

A

left anterior descending artery
circumflex

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29
Q

R coronary artery blood supply:

A

right atrium
SA node 60%
AV node

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30
Q

R marginal artery blood supply:

A

lateral right ventricle

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31
Q

R posterior descending blood supply:

A

inferior left ventricle
posterior 1/3 IV septum

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32
Q

Which two main arteries come off the right coronary artery?

A

right marginal artery and right posterior descending

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33
Q

The R coronary artery supply?

A

R atrium
SA node 60%
AV node

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34
Q

R posterior descending supply?

A

Inferior left ventricle
Posterior 1/3 IV septum

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35
Q

R marginal artery supply?

A

Lateral R ventricle

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36
Q

Designates the coronary artery system that is responsible for the majority of the posterior L ventricular contraction is known as

A

Coronary dominance

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37
Q

R coronary artery gives off PDA (majority of population) is known as ________

A

R dominant

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38
Q

When the circumflex gives off PDA this is known as ________

A

L dominant

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39
Q

The superior vena cava collects blood from _______ and _____.

The inferior vena cana collects blood from _____ and ____

A

upper body and head
lower body and trunk

40
Q

Aorta: coronary arteries arise off the aortic sinus of ______

A

valsalva

41
Q

The aortic arch gives rise to 3 arteries that supply BUE and the head

A

Brachiocephalic trunk: divides into the right common carotid artery [right side of the head and neck] and the right subclavian artery

Left common carotid artery: [left side of the head and neck]

Left subclavian artery: [left upper extremity]

42
Q

Oxygenated blood away from the heart; thick walls are __________. Deoxygenated blood to the heart, thinner walls, larger diameter, and valves that prevent backflow are ________

A

arteries/veins

43
Q

Capillaries functions:

A

O2/CO2 and nutrient exchange

44
Q

Tunica intima: ______ layer made up of ________ cell
Tunica media: ________ muscle
Tunica adventitia/external: ______ layer made up of ________ and _______

A

inner; epithelial
smooth
outer; elastin & collagen

45
Q

Cardiac myocytes are connected both mechanically and _____.

A

electrically

46
Q

Sarcomeres within cardiac myocytes contain _____ and _____ filaments, which are essential for contractility.

A

actin, myosin

47
Q

The force of contraction in cardiac myocytes is correlated with the amount of _____ available for binding.

A

Ca++ (calcium)

48
Q

Cardiac myocytes have a very high number of _____ to support energy needs.

A

mitochondria

49
Q

Cardiac myocytes make up _____% of the myocardial mass.

A

50%

50
Q

Due to their high demand for energy, cardiac myocytes produce large amounts of _____.

A

ATP

51
Q

The _____ pump is responsible for maintaining the action potential in cardiac cells.

A

Na-K (sodium-potassium)

52
Q

The Na-K pump keeps more _____ outside the cell and more _____ inside the cell.

A

Na; K

53
Q

During contraction, _____ binds to myocardial filaments, inducing contraction.

A

Ca++ (calcium)

54
Q

The _____ absorbs calcium and causes muscle relaxation in cardiac cells.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

55
Q

An increase in calcium levels leads to increased _____ and a higher _____.

A

contractility, heart rate (HR)

56
Q

_____ stores oxygen during diastole and releases it during systole in cardiac cells.

A

Myoglobin

57
Q

Automaticity & Conductivity

A

refers to the pacemaker ability of cardiac cells, allowing them to conduct impulses to one another.

58
Q

_________ is the property of cardiac cells that allows them to conduct impulses, which can be either shorter or longer.

A

Contractility

59
Q

Irritability

A

is the ability of cardiac cells to contract on their own and/or send impulses without being stimulated by another source.

60
Q

_____ refers to the heightened sensitivity of cardiac cells, making them respond more easily to stimuli.

A

Irritability

61
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation via the Vagus nerve results in a _____ in heart rate and contractility.

A

decrease

62
Q

The _____ Vagus nerve controls the SA node, while the _____ Vagus nerve controls the AV node.

A

right, left

63
Q

The _____ nerve controls the parasympathetic response in the heart, which decreases heart rate and contractility.

A

Vagus

64
Q

The _____ nervous system increases heart rate, contractility, and causes coronary artery vasodilation.

A

sympathetic

65
Q

The heart is innervated by the _______

A

cardiac plexus

66
Q

Alpha -1 (a1) =

A

vasoconstriction = increased SVR
“alpha contricts”

67
Q

Stimulation of β1 receptors leads to an increase in both______and ______ ultimately increasing _____.

A

HR ; SV; CO
“beta boots”

68
Q

Stimulation of β2 receptors causes __________, leading to a decrease in _____.

A

vasodilation; systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
“beta dilates”

69
Q

The _____ node is known as the “pacemaker” of the heart and typically fires at a rate of _____ bpm.

A

SA (sinoatrial), 60-100

70
Q

The SA node is located in the _____ atrium near the _____ vena cava.

A

right, superior

71
Q

The _____ node is known as the “gatekeeper” of the heart and typically fires at a rate of _____ bpm.

A

AV (atrioventricular), 40-60

72
Q

The AV node is located between the _____ septum and the _____ septum.

A

interatrial, interventricular

73
Q

The action potential is generated by the _____ node, initiating the heartbeat.

A

SA (sinoatrial)

74
Q

After the action potential is generated, the impulse travels through the _____ and _____ atria, causing the muscles to contract.

A

right, left

75
Q

At the _____ node, depolarization slows due to the presence of _____ ions, allowing time for ventricular filling.

A

AV (atrioventricular), calcium (Ca++)

76
Q

The _____ of _____ conducts the impulse from the AV node to the intraventricular septum.

A

Bundle of His

77
Q

The _____ and _____ bundle branches depolarize their corresponding ventricles, resulting in ventricular contraction.

A

right, left

78
Q

The _____ fibers spread electrical activity from the endocardium to the epicardium, ensuring the contraction moves from the inside to the outside of the heart.

A

Purkinje

79
Q

During atrial systole, blood is ejected into the _____, which are relaxed.

During atrial diastole, the atria are _____ and preparing for the next cycle of filling.

A

ventricles
relaxed

80
Q

In early ventricular systole, the _____ valves close, but there is not enough pressure yet to open the _____ valves.

In late ventricular systole, the _____ valves open, allowing blood to be ejected from the ventricles.

A

atrioventricular (AV), semilunar (SL)

semilunar (SL)

81
Q

In late ventricular diastole, all chambers are relaxed, leading to _____ ventricular filling.

A

passive

82
Q

During early ventricular diastole, the drop in pressure causes the _____ valves to close.

A

semilunar (SL)

83
Q

The first heart sound, S1 (“LUB”), is caused by the closure of the _____ valves.

A

atrioventricular (AV)

84
Q

S1 occurs during early _____ systole and is associated with the peak of the _____ wave on an ECG.

A

ventricular, R

85
Q

The second heart sound, S2 (“DUB”), is caused by the closure of the _____ valves.

A

semilunar (SL)

86
Q

S2 marks the termination of ventricular _____ and the beginning of ventricular _____.

A

systole, diastole

87
Q

S2 occurs at the end of the _____ wave on an ECG.

A

T

88
Q

Stroke volume (SV) refers to the _____ of blood ejected per contraction of the heart.

Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood ejected from the _____ ventricle per minute.

A

volume
left

89
Q

The normal range for cardiac output is approximately _____ to _____ liters per minute.

A

4, 6

90
Q

Preload refers to the concept of “_____,” indicating how full the heart’s chambers are before contraction.

Contractility is described as “_____,” relating to how effectively the heart muscle can contract.

Afterload is concerned with “_____,” which assesses the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.

A

How full is the tank?
How good is the squeeze?
How loose is the vasculature?

91
Q

_______refers to the degree to which the heart muscle can stretch before contraction.

A

Preload

92
Q

Preload is directly proportional to _____.

The more blood that returns to the heart, the greater the volume that can _____ during contraction.

A

stroke volume (SV)
leave

93
Q

Frank-Starling Law states that

A

greater volume of blood is ejected when a greater volume returns to the heart

if myocardial fibers are too stretched or too shortened, the strength of contraction is decreased.

94
Q

Best clinical indicator of cardiac function

A

Ejection fraction

95
Q

Measurement of how well the heart is functioning _______ ________

Normal: ______
If CI falls below ______, patient is likely in cardiogenic
shock

A

Cardiac Index (CI) better indicator than EF
~ 2.5-4.0 L/min/m2
~ 2.2 L/min/m2

96
Q

A rightward shift in the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve indicates that hemoglobin is more willing to _____ oxygen to the tissues.

A leftward shift in the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve indicates that hemoglobin holds on to oxygen more tightly, making it _____ available to tissues.

A

release
less

97
Q

Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve:
Factors that can cause a rightward shift in the curve include increased levels of _____, increased temperature, and decreased pH (acidosis).

A

carbon dioxide (CO2)

Cardiopulmonary I (25 decks)

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