Pulmonary Normal Physiology, Response to Exercise & Abnormal Physiology Flashcards
Normal SpO2 =
Normal PaO2 =
Normal Respiratory Rate =
95-100%
80-100 mmHg
12-18 breaths/min
SpO2:
– percentage of ____ bound to O2
– how do you measure?
– measures:
– exact/not exact measurement?
– Hgb
– pulse ox –> non invasive
– how much O2 is being delivered to tissues
– not as exact
PaO2:
– partial pressure of dissolved ____ in arterial blood
– how do you measure?
– reflective of:
– exact/not exact measurement?
– O2
– requires arterial blood gas lab draw
– the balance of O2 delievery and consumption
– most accurate way to determine effectiveness of blood oxygenation
true or false. normal respiratory rate has regular rhythm with non-labored effort, tidal volume is ~500 mL and no audible sounds are heard.
true
what is eupnea?
normal breathing rate and pattern
cardiac biomarkers:
– lab value is ____
– normal value:
– indication?
– BNP
– < 100 pg/mL
– released in response to ventricular stretch or worsening heart failure
CBC:
– lab value used in pulmonary:
– normal range:
– indication:
– hemoglobin (Hgb)
– M: 14-18 ; F: 12-16
– Transports O2
arterial blood gases:
– pH normal:
– PaO2 normal:
– PaCO2 normal:
– HCO3:
– indication for drawing blood gases?
– 7.35-7.45
– 80-100 mmHg
– 35-45 mmHg
– 22-26 mEq/L
– all portions that control normal blood chemistry for optimal physiologic function
what is normal SpO2 response during exercise?
initially: transient drop when exercise starts –>
with increasing workload: increase in respiratory rate brings SpO2 back to stable/normal levels
what may happen to SpO2 with long duration exercise once steady state is reached?
SpO2 may increase
should SpO2 fluctuate greatly with a normal response to exercise?
no
what is normal respiratory rate response to exercise?
gradual increase with increased workload
rapid rise after anaerobic threshold is reached (VT2)
does respiratory rate fluctuate during exercise once steady state has been reached?
no - minimal change should happen
what is normal lung volume response to exercise?
increases linearly with increasing workload
tidal volume ___(increases/decreases)___ to meet demands of exercise and can approach _______ volumes
increases ; vital capacity (VC)
describe the normal physiological progression of respiration due to exercise:
respiration increases –> more O2 used, increased CO2
brain detects increase in CO2 –>
CNS signals lungs to increase RR –>
inc. RR & lung volume leads to inc. gas exchange –>
CNS signals heart to inc HR –> so more blood is pumped to lungs for gas exchange –>
inc. O2 is sent to muscles to balance inc. demand –>
increased CO2 is blown off from inc. RR
Abnormal SpO2 =
Abnormal RR =
Abnormal HR =
Abnormal BP =
< 90% at rest, acute change in O2 demand/device
< 10 or > 30 / min. at rest ; unable to maintain conversation
< 50 or > 120 at rest ; uncontrolled/new arrhythmia
> 180/90 or < 90/60 or MAP < 60
what could cause hypoxemia/hypoxia in a patient?
heart/lung disease
hypoventilation
infection
anemia
carbon monoxide poisoning
pulmonary embolism
V/Q mismatch
sleep apnea
airway obstruction
high altitude
what is Hypoxemia?
low blood O2 levels measured by SpO2 or PaO2
** low O2 in blood
symptoms of hypoxemia?
headache
dyspnea
tachycardia
coughing
wheezing
confusion, AMS
Cyanosis of fingers or lips
what is hypoxia?
under-oxygenation of tissues that impair cellular metabolism
** low O2 in tissues
** worse! Reg flag
symptoms of hypoxia?
restlessness
headache
confusion, AMS
tachycardia
anxiety
tachypnea, dyspnea
symptoms of severe hypoxia?
bradycardia
extreme restlessness
cyanosis
passing out
abnormal breathing patterns:
bradypnea =
tachypnea =
apnea =
hyperpnea =
cheyne-stokes =
agonal =
– dec. RR
– inc. RR
– absence of breathing
– normal rate but deep respirations
– gradual increase and decrease in respirations with periods of apnea
– apnea with periods of inconsistent respirations
