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Pathology > Pulmonary pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pulmonary pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the main functions of the respiratory system and what do they do?
A

Ventilation – eliminates CO2 that is produced in the tissues and Oxygenation – provides O2 to be used by the tissues

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2
Q
  1. Increased ventilation results in increased/decreased CO2 in the blood.
A

decreased

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3
Q
  1. What happens to CO2 levels in hypoventilation?
A

They increase

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4
Q
  1. What 5 requirements need to be intact for normal ventilation?
A

CNS control, nerves to respiratory muscles, chest wall anatomy, airway patency, and respiratory muscle function

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5
Q
  1. What mechanism caused by Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD), weakness, and pleural disease result in hypoventilation?
A

Decreased stroke (breath) volume

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6
Q
  1. What mechanism caused by asthma and bronchitis results in hypoventilation?
A

Increased airway resistance

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7
Q
  1. What are some causes of hyperventilation?
A

Fever, sepsis, medications, metabolic acidosis, maximum exercise, hypoxemia, and anxiety

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8
Q
  1. What are some causes of hypoxemia and what do those terms mean?
A

1) Hypoventilation means increased CO2 results in decreased O2,
2) Low V/Q means venous blood in the pulmonary capillaries is not coming into contact with inflated alveoli and the blood is unable to make the CO2/O2 exchange – blood is not oxygenating.
3) Shunt means venous blood is not being pumped through the lungs to be oxygenated,
4) Low FIO2
5) Diffusion impairment

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9
Q
  1. Explain residual air volume, what is its purpose?
A

The volume of air left in the lungs after all the air is exhaled out, it helps the airway passages stay open which eases the next breath

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10
Q
  1. Explain tidal volume.
A

The volume of air in normal inspiration and exhalation

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11
Q
  1. What happens to the acid/base balance when CO2 is elevated?
A

Acidosis

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12
Q
  1. What is the physiologic response to acidosis (high CO2)?
A

Hyperventilation

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13
Q
  1. Explain the difference between hyperinflation and restriction.
A

Hyperinflation refers to increased total lung capacity and restriction refers to decreased total lung capacity

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14
Q
  1. Emphysema is a disease of hyperinflation/restriction of lung volume.
A

hyperinflation

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15
Q
  1. Fibrosis is a disease of hyperinflation/restriction of lung volume.
A

restriction of lung volume.

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16
Q
  1. What disease of hyper-inflated lung tissue results in chronic obstruction of the airways from chronic bronchitis, emphysema or a mixture of the two?
A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

17
Q
  1. What disease of hyper-inflated lung tissue results in loss of elastic recoil of the airways and inability to fully expire air?
A

Emphysema

18
Q
  1. Parenchymal lung disease, ALS, and a flail chest are examples of
A

restriction/hyperinflation.

19
Q
  1. How is chronic bronchitis diagnosed?
A

Chronic productive cough for three months or more per year over a period of two years or longer

20
Q
  1. What are the pathogenic features of chronic bronchitis?
A

Mucus gland hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia, thickening of bronchial wall, increase in smooth muscles, excess mucus in airways, inflammatory cell infiltration

21
Q
  1. What are the treatments for chronic bronchitis?
A

Prevent and treat infections, vaccines for influenza and pneumonia, bronchodilator drugs, inhaled O2 if PaO2 is low, mechanical ventilation

22
Q
  1. What are the pathologic features of emphysema?
A

Enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of bronchial walls

23
Q
  1. What is the congenital cause for 1% of emphysema cases?
A

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

24
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of emphysema?
A

Progressive shortness of breath, airway obstruction, chest hyperinflation, hypoxia, and weight loss

25
Q
  1. What are the treatments for emphysema?
A

Oxygen, quit smoking, bronchodilators, and lung transplant

26
Q
  1. What are the pathologic characteristics of asthma?
A

Reversible airway obstruction, airway inflammation, increased airway responsiveness

27
Q
  1. What are the clinical symptoms of asthma?
A

Episodic symptoms, cough, wheezing, and dyspnea, reversible airway obstruction, can lead to respiratory failure and death

28
Q
  1. What are the treatments for asthma?
A

Bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs, and monoclonal antibodies

Pathology (9 decks)

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