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Pathology > Lung disease > Flashcards

Lung disease Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the common themes of interstitial lung diseases?
A

They all affect the lung parenchyma, pulmonary injury leading to inflammation and fibrosis

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2
Q
  1. Define idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
A

Fibrotic lung disease, typically seen in men > 55 years old, unknown cause, may be associated with collagen vascular disease, acid reflux may contribute to disease progression

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3
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of IPF?
A

Dry cough and progressive dyspnea, restrictive defect (low Total Lung Capacity), hypoxemia, dx is confirmed by CT, will progress to respiratory failure and death > 50% in 5 years

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4
Q
  1. Radiology showing “honey-combing” in the periphery of the lung would be indicative of what disease?
A

IPF

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5
Q
  1. What are two pathologic processes of IPF?
A

Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) and Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia (DIP)

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6
Q
  1. What characterizes each of the above processes? Which one is easier to treat?
A

UIP - extensive fibrosis, and distorted architecture; DIP – alveolar inflammation, macrophages in alveoli, and minimal fibrosis. DIP is easier to treat

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7
Q
  1. Why is exercise induced hypoxemia a common symptom of IPF?
A

Thickened, fibrotic tissue between the alveoli and the blood vessels results in inability of oxygen to perfuse across the capillary membrane and be delivered to the tissues

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8
Q
  1. What are the treatments for IPF?
A

Corticosteroids, immune suppressive therapy, Nintedanib and Pirfenidone, vaccination for influenza and pneumonia, pulmonary rehab, oxygen, palliative care, and lung transplant

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9
Q
  1. What is the average survival after lung transplant?
A

5 years

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10
Q
  1. What are the main complications after lung transplant?
A

Infection and rejection

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11
Q
  1. Define Sarcoidosis.
A

Chronic granulomatous lung disease of unknown etiology. Can affect many organs, but the lung is most frequently involved

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12
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of sarcoidosis?
A

Often asymptomatic, dyspnea, and cough, often spontaneous remission occurs and progression of disease is uncommon

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13
Q
  1. What is often found on the chest x-ray of people with sarcoidosis?
A

Symmetrical, and bilateral “Idaho potato” hilar lymph nodes

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14
Q
  1. What CXR finding characterizes sarcoidosis as Stage II?
A

Parenchymal tissue involvement

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15
Q
  1. What CXR finding characterizes sarcoidosis as Stage III?
A

Lose the enlarged hilar lymph nodes, parenchymal tissue involvement remains

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16
Q
  1. What is the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis?
A

Inflammation and activation of T-lymphocytes, formation of granulomas, minimal fibrosis

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17
Q
  1. What term is defined as an immune reaction to organic dust; such as, moldy hay, or bird droppings that results in pulmonary inflammation?
A

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

18
Q
  1. What diseases are hypersensitivity reactions often misdiagnosed as?
A

Flu or pneumonia

19
Q
  1. How is misdiagnosis prevented?
A

Do a thorough patient history.

20
Q
  1. What are the clinical manifestations of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
A

Fever, cough, dyspnea, low PaO2 and decreases total lung capacity

21
Q
  1. How does chronic hypersensitivity reaction develop?
A

Continued exposure to the inflammatory agent

22
Q
  1. How is hypersensitivity pneumonitis treated?
A

Avoid exposure, supportive therapy, corticosteroids

23
Q
  1. What disease is defined as an interstitial lung disease caused by inhalation of inorganic dust, typically occupational: silica, asbestos, or beryllium?
A

Pneumoconiosis

24
Q
  1. What causes silicosis? What disease are people with silicosis at higher risk for?
A

Inhalation of silica dust, Increased risk for TB

25
Q
  1. How long does asbestosis take to develop?
A

20-30 years

26
Q
  1. What denotes asbestosis on CXR?
A

Calcified plaques

27
Q
  1. What denotes asbestosis on lung biopsy?
A

Asbestos bodies

28
Q
  1. What are the asbestos related lung diseases?
A

Lung cancer, pleural plaques, pleural effusion, mesothelioma (cancer of the pleural lining)

29
Q
  1. What is the leading causes of cancer death in men and women?
A

Lung cancer

30
Q
  1. What are the common symptoms of lung cancer?
A

cough, sputum, hemoptysis, weight loss, may be asymptomatic

31
Q
  1. What are the two main types of lung cancers?
A

Small cell and non-small cells

32
Q
  1. What are the three different types of non-small cell lung cancers?
A

Squamous, adenocarcinoma, and large cell

33
Q
  1. Which type of lung cancer spreads the fastest?
A

Small cell

34
Q
  1. Define pneumothorax.
A

Accumulation of air in the pleural space that can be spontaneous, or resulting from trauma or lung disease

35
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of pneumothorax?
A

Sudden chest pain, shortness of breath, decrease breath sounds on the side of the pneumothorax

36
Q
  1. How is a large, symptomatic pneumothorax treated?
A

Drainage or chest tube

37
Q
  1. What is the difference between a pneumothorax and a pleural effusion?
A

Pneumothorax is air, pleural effusion is fluid; blood, serous fluid, or infected drainage

38
Q
  1. What is the term for a pleural effusion composed of pus accumulation?
A

Empyema

39
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of a pleural effusion?
A

Shortness of breath, fever, chest pain

40
Q
  1. How is a large pleural effusion treated?
A

Drain it and treat the underlying cause

Pathology (9 decks)

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