Neoplasm 1 Flashcards
- Define neoplasm.
A heritably altered, relatively autonomous growth of tissue.
- When is the genetic growth advantage transmitted to daughter cells?
mitosis
- What does relatively autonomous mean in response to tumor growth? They are dependent on the host for oxygen
They are dependent on the host for oxygen
- Define angiogenesis or neovascularization.
The neoplasm has the ability to grow its own blood vessels
- Hormones like estrogen and progesterone can be a growth promoting signal for neoplastic cells. TRUE/FALSE
True
- What are the ways neoplasms are able grow relatively autonomously?
Increased rate of mitosis,
Decreased rate of apoptosis,
Increased response to hormonal signals,
Decreased response to growth inhibitory intercellular signals,
Production of enzymes that digest extracellular material, so the cells can migrate to new areas,
Ability to evade the organisms’ immune system,
Ability to stimulate growth of new blood vessels to acquire increased oxygen supply,
Ability to use alternate sources of energy
- Discuss the differences between benign and malignant neoplasms.
Benign neoplasms are slow growing and stay confined to the tissue of origin while malignant neoplasms are rapidly growing and have the potential to spread widely throughout the body
- What are the ways benign neoplasms can become harmful?
Locally destruction of tissue (bone break), can produce hormones, pain, and bleeding
- What are the two types of malignancies and what differentiates them?
Carcinoma and sarcoma, cell of origin. Carcinoma arises from epithelial cells (squamous cell or adenocarcinoma) and sarcoma is a malignancy arising from mesenchymal cells (osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma)
- What are the most frequent types of cancers?
Carcinomas
- What are the two behaviors of neoplastic cells?
Define them. Invasion and metastasis. Invasion is when neoplastic cells grow beyond their site of origin.
- Carcinoma in situ refers to what neoplastic process?
Dysplasia, cells are proliferating locally and confined to the site of origin.
What is the purpose and function of proteolytic enzymes?
Degrade surrounding tissue and basement membrane.
- Collagenase is an example of a metalloproteinase/cysteine proteinases. What is its function?
Attack the basement membrane
- What is the function of serine proteinases and cysteine proteinases?
Attack the extracellular matrix proteins
- Obstructive bronchopneumonia in cases of lung cancer would be an example of what neoplastic behavior?
Invasion
- Define metastasis.
Noncontiguous spread of cancer to lymph nodes or distant organs
- Define intravasation.
Malignant cells move into lymphatic or blood vessels, requires the ability to destroy the capillary or lymphatic basement membrane and to bore holes through or between endothelial cells
- What is the function of platelets in the metastatic process of intravascular circulation?
The circulating tumor cells surround themselves with platelets to mask themselves from circulating lymphocytes that are out to destroy them
- Define extravasation.
When metastatic tumor cells move out of the blood stream into the surrounding tissue
- What are common organs of metastasis?
Lung, liver, and brain, organs that receive a lot of blood flow
- What are the 6 steps of metastasis?
Invasion, intravasation, intravascular circulation, extravasation, local growth in the new location, and angiogenesis
- A neoplastic nodule with a capsule is more likely to be benign/malignant.
benign
- Define differentiation.
The extent to which the malignant cells resemble their mature counterparts. If a malignancy is unidentifiable compared to its mature prototype it is considered undifferentiated.
- Define anaplasia.
complete loss of differentiation of cells, no resemblance to mature counterparts
A 47-year old woman with HIV is tested for tuberculosis exposure with a tuberculin skin test utilizing purified protein derivative (PPD). Candida ( a yeast that everyone has been exposed to) is injected in the other forearm as a positive control. After 72 hours, neither injection site is swollen or indurated. Why of the following conclusions is correct?
The patient has not been exposed to tuberculosis
The patient has been exposed to tuberculosis
The patient has active tuberculosis
The patient has an active candida infection
The patient cannot mount a cell mediated hypersensitivity response
The patient cannot mount a cell mediated hypersensitivity response
T/F: Anaphylaxis is primarily mediated by B-cells.
F
T/F: In adults, malignant bone lesions are mostly primary bone tumors.
F
An abnormal mass of tissue that has little response to normal growth control mechanisms is described as:.
Metaplastic
Hyperplastic
Hypertrophic
Neoplastic
Neoplastic
Inherited familial cancer syndromes are often characterized by which of the following?
Development of a common type of cancer in old age.
Development of a single cancer in old age.
Development of multiple cancers often beginning at a young age.
Family members rarely develop cancer at all.
Represents the cause for cancer in over 50% of all people.
Development of multiple cancers often beginning at a young age.
During initiation of carcinogenesis, which of the following is the MOST important characteristic of a direct acting carcinogen?
Must be metabolically activated.
Causes direct damage to DNA.
Causes direct damage to RNA.
Leads directly to increased cell proliferation without resulting in a mutation.
Causes direct damage to DNA
When a person says they have “hypertension” they mean they have pulmonary hypertension.
True
False
False
Total lung capacity is easily evaluated clinically by measuring tidal volume and residual volume.
True
False
False
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma are all types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
True
False
false
In asthmatics, exposure to cold may trigger asthma attack and airway obstruction.
False
Asthma is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
Cough with sputum production for 3 months each year for 2 years
Recurrent episodes of wheezing
Increased sensitivity to various stimuli
Inflammation of the airway
Cough with sputum production for 3 months each year for 2 years
Chronic bronchitis is defined by:
Cough with sputum production for 3 months each year for 2 years
Destruction of alveoli
Recurrent wheezing
Inflammation of the airway
Cough with sputum production for 3 months each year for 2 years
Interstitial lung diseases are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
Reduced total lung capacity
Parenchymal inflammation
Often present with dyspnea
Airway obstruction and pulmonary hyperinflation
Airway obstruction and pulmonary hyperinflation
People exposed to asbestos can develop lung cancer
True
T/F: People exposed to asbestos can develop lung cancer
True
T/F: Exposure to inorganic dust such as silica will lead to pneumoconiosis
True
Hyperventilation leads to:
Increased airway obstruction
Decreased level of PaCO2
Increased level of PaCO2
Very low PaCO2
Decreased level of PaCO2
Smoking is known to cause all of the following EXCEPT:
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Mesothelioma
Lung cancer
Mesothelioma
Fungal infections are the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia.
True
False
False
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), represents injury to alveolar endothelium and vascular endothelium.
True
False
True
T/F: Dental/oral abscess is the most common cause of pulmonary abscess.
False
Nosocomial pneumonias are prevented by vaccination.
True
False
False
Immunoglobulins and antioxidants protect the lung against pollutants and inhaled toxins.
True
False
True
T/F: Bronchitis means permanent, irreversible dilation of airways
False
T/F: Squamous cell carcinoma is a small cell carcinoma
False
Organisms which cause pneumonia in persons with normal immunity:
Pneumocystic carinii
Cytomegalovirus
Aspergillus fumigatus
None of the above
None of the above
Bronchiolitis is most often caused by:
Viruses
