Neoplasm 1

Question 1

1. Define neoplasm.

Answer 1

A heritably altered, relatively autonomous growth of tissue.

Question 2

2. When is the genetic growth advantage transmitted to daughter cells?

Answer 2

mitosis

Question 3

3. What does relatively autonomous mean in response to tumor growth? They are dependent on the host for oxygen

Answer 3

They are dependent on the host for oxygen

Question 4

4. Define angiogenesis or neovascularization.

Answer 4

The neoplasm has the ability to grow its own blood vessels

Question 5

5. Hormones like estrogen and progesterone can be a growth promoting signal for neoplastic cells. TRUE/FALSE

Answer 5

True

Question 6

6. What are the ways neoplasms are able grow relatively autonomously?

Answer 6

Increased rate of mitosis,

Decreased rate of apoptosis,

Increased response to hormonal signals,

Decreased response to growth inhibitory intercellular signals,

Production of enzymes that digest extracellular material, so the cells can migrate to new areas,

Ability to evade the organisms’ immune system,

Ability to stimulate growth of new blood vessels to acquire increased oxygen supply,

Ability to use alternate sources of energy

Question 7

7. Discuss the differences between benign and malignant neoplasms.

Answer 7

Benign neoplasms are slow growing and stay confined to the tissue of origin while malignant neoplasms are rapidly growing and have the potential to spread widely throughout the body

Question 8

9. What are the ways benign neoplasms can become harmful?

Answer 8

Locally destruction of tissue (bone break), can produce hormones, pain, and bleeding

Question 9

10. What are the two types of malignancies and what differentiates them?

Answer 9

Carcinoma and sarcoma, cell of origin. Carcinoma arises from epithelial cells (squamous cell or adenocarcinoma) and sarcoma is a malignancy arising from mesenchymal cells (osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma)

Question 10

11. What are the most frequent types of cancers?

Answer 10

Carcinomas

Question 11

12. What are the two behaviors of neoplastic cells?

Answer 11

Define them. Invasion and metastasis. Invasion is when neoplastic cells grow beyond their site of origin.

Question 12

13. Carcinoma in situ refers to what neoplastic process?

Answer 12

Dysplasia, cells are proliferating locally and confined to the site of origin.

Question 13

What is the purpose and function of proteolytic enzymes?

Answer 13

Degrade surrounding tissue and basement membrane.

Question 14

15. Collagenase is an example of a metalloproteinase/cysteine proteinases. What is its function?

Answer 14

Attack the basement membrane

Question 15

16. What is the function of serine proteinases and cysteine proteinases?

Answer 15

Attack the extracellular matrix proteins

Question 16

17. Obstructive bronchopneumonia in cases of lung cancer would be an example of what neoplastic behavior?

Answer 16

Invasion

Question 17

18. Define metastasis.

Answer 17

Noncontiguous spread of cancer to lymph nodes or distant organs

Question 18

20. Define intravasation.

Answer 18

Malignant cells move into lymphatic or blood vessels, requires the ability to destroy the capillary or lymphatic basement membrane and to bore holes through or between endothelial cells

Question 19

21. What is the function of platelets in the metastatic process of intravascular circulation?

Answer 19

The circulating tumor cells surround themselves with platelets to mask themselves from circulating lymphocytes that are out to destroy them

Question 20

22. Define extravasation.

Answer 20

When metastatic tumor cells move out of the blood stream into the surrounding tissue

Question 21

23. What are common organs of metastasis?

Answer 21

Lung, liver, and brain, organs that receive a lot of blood flow

Question 22

24. What are the 6 steps of metastasis?

Answer 22

Invasion, intravasation, intravascular circulation, extravasation, local growth in the new location, and angiogenesis

Question 23

25. A neoplastic nodule with a capsule is more likely to be benign/malignant.

Answer 23

benign

Question 24

26. Define differentiation.

Answer 24

The extent to which the malignant cells resemble their mature counterparts. If a malignancy is unidentifiable compared to its mature prototype it is considered undifferentiated.

Question 25

27. Define anaplasia.

Answer 25

complete loss of differentiation of cells, no resemblance to mature counterparts

Question 26

A 47-year old woman with HIV is tested for tuberculosis exposure with a tuberculin skin test utilizing purified protein derivative (PPD). Candida ( a yeast that everyone has been exposed to) is injected in the other forearm as a positive control. After 72 hours, neither injection site is swollen or indurated. Why of the following conclusions is correct? The patient has not been exposed to tuberculosis The patient has been exposed to tuberculosis The patient has active tuberculosis The patient has an active candida infection The patient cannot mount a cell mediated hypersensitivity response

Answer 26

The patient cannot mount a cell mediated hypersensitivity response

Question 27

T/F: Anaphylaxis is primarily mediated by B-cells.

Answer 27

F

Question 28

T/F: In adults, malignant bone lesions are mostly primary bone tumors.

Answer 28

F

Question 29

An abnormal mass of tissue that has little response to normal growth control mechanisms is described as:. Metaplastic Hyperplastic Hypertrophic Neoplastic

Answer 29

Neoplastic

Question 30

Inherited familial cancer syndromes are often characterized by which of the following? Development of a common type of cancer in old age. Development of a single cancer in old age. Development of multiple cancers often beginning at a young age. Family members rarely develop cancer at all. Represents the cause for cancer in over 50% of all people.

Answer 30

Development of multiple cancers often beginning at a young age.

Question 31

During initiation of carcinogenesis, which of the following is the MOST important characteristic of a direct acting carcinogen? Must be metabolically activated. Causes direct damage to DNA. Causes direct damage to RNA. Leads directly to increased cell proliferation without resulting in a mutation.

Answer 31

Causes direct damage to DNA

Question 32

When a person says they have "hypertension" they mean they have pulmonary hypertension. True False

Answer 32

False

Question 33

Total lung capacity is easily evaluated clinically by measuring tidal volume and residual volume. True False

Answer 33

False

Question 34

Chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma are all types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. True False

Answer 34

false

Question 35

In asthmatics, exposure to cold may trigger asthma attack and airway obstruction.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

Asthma is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: Cough with sputum production for 3 months each year for 2 years Recurrent episodes of wheezing Increased sensitivity to various stimuli Inflammation of the airway

Answer 36

Cough with sputum production for 3 months each year for 2 years

Question 37

Chronic bronchitis is defined by: Cough with sputum production for 3 months each year for 2 years Destruction of alveoli Recurrent wheezing Inflammation of the airway

Answer 37

Cough with sputum production for 3 months each year for 2 years

Question 38

Interstitial lung diseases are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: Reduced total lung capacity Parenchymal inflammation Often present with dyspnea Airway obstruction and pulmonary hyperinflation

Answer 38

Airway obstruction and pulmonary hyperinflation

Question 39

People exposed to asbestos can develop lung cancer

Answer 39

True

Question 40

T/F: People exposed to asbestos can develop lung cancer

Answer 40

True

Question 41

T/F: Exposure to inorganic dust such as silica will lead to pneumoconiosis

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Hyperventilation leads to: Increased airway obstruction Decreased level of PaCO2 Increased level of PaCO2 Very low PaCO2

Answer 42

Decreased level of PaCO2

Question 43

Smoking is known to cause all of the following EXCEPT: Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Mesothelioma Lung cancer

Answer 43

Mesothelioma

Question 44

Fungal infections are the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia. True False

Answer 44

False

Question 45

Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), represents injury to alveolar endothelium and vascular endothelium. True False

Answer 45

True

Question 46

T/F: Dental/oral abscess is the most common cause of pulmonary abscess.

Answer 46

False

Question 47

Nosocomial pneumonias are prevented by vaccination. True False

Answer 47

False

Question 48

Immunoglobulins and antioxidants protect the lung against pollutants and inhaled toxins. True False

Answer 48

True

Question 49

T/F: Bronchitis means permanent, irreversible dilation of airways

Answer 49

False

Question 50

T/F: Squamous cell carcinoma is a small cell carcinoma

Answer 50

False

Question 51

Organisms which cause pneumonia in persons with normal immunity: Pneumocystic carinii Cytomegalovirus Aspergillus fumigatus None of the above

Answer 51

None of the above

Question 52

Bronchiolitis is most often caused by:

Answer 52

Viruses