Neoplasm 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Define neoplasm.
A

A heritably altered, relatively autonomous growth of tissue.

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2
Q
  1. When is the genetic growth advantage transmitted to daughter cells?
A

mitosis

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3
Q
  1. What does relatively autonomous mean in response to tumor growth? They are dependent on the host for oxygen
A

They are dependent on the host for oxygen

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4
Q
  1. Define angiogenesis or neovascularization.
A

The neoplasm has the ability to grow its own blood vessels

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5
Q
  1. Hormones like estrogen and progesterone can be a growth promoting signal for neoplastic cells. TRUE/FALSE
A

True

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6
Q
  1. What are the ways neoplasms are able grow relatively autonomously?
A

Increased rate of mitosis,

Decreased rate of apoptosis,

Increased response to hormonal signals,

Decreased response to growth inhibitory intercellular signals,

Production of enzymes that digest extracellular material, so the cells can migrate to new areas,

Ability to evade the organisms’ immune system,

Ability to stimulate growth of new blood vessels to acquire increased oxygen supply,

Ability to use alternate sources of energy

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7
Q
  1. Discuss the differences between benign and malignant neoplasms.
A

Benign neoplasms are slow growing and stay confined to the tissue of origin while malignant neoplasms are rapidly growing and have the potential to spread widely throughout the body

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8
Q
  1. What are the ways benign neoplasms can become harmful?
A

Locally destruction of tissue (bone break), can produce hormones, pain, and bleeding

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9
Q
  1. What are the two types of malignancies and what differentiates them?
A

Carcinoma and sarcoma, cell of origin. Carcinoma arises from epithelial cells (squamous cell or adenocarcinoma) and sarcoma is a malignancy arising from mesenchymal cells (osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma)

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10
Q
  1. What are the most frequent types of cancers?
A

Carcinomas

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11
Q
  1. What are the two behaviors of neoplastic cells?
A

Define them. Invasion and metastasis. Invasion is when neoplastic cells grow beyond their site of origin.

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12
Q
  1. Carcinoma in situ refers to what neoplastic process?
A

Dysplasia, cells are proliferating locally and confined to the site of origin.

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13
Q

What is the purpose and function of proteolytic enzymes?

A

Degrade surrounding tissue and basement membrane.

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14
Q
  1. Collagenase is an example of a metalloproteinase/cysteine proteinases. What is its function?
A

Attack the basement membrane

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15
Q
  1. What is the function of serine proteinases and cysteine proteinases?
A

Attack the extracellular matrix proteins

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16
Q
  1. Obstructive bronchopneumonia in cases of lung cancer would be an example of what neoplastic behavior?
A

Invasion

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17
Q
  1. Define metastasis.
A

Noncontiguous spread of cancer to lymph nodes or distant organs

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18
Q
  1. Define intravasation.
A

Malignant cells move into lymphatic or blood vessels, requires the ability to destroy the capillary or lymphatic basement membrane and to bore holes through or between endothelial cells

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19
Q
  1. What is the function of platelets in the metastatic process of intravascular circulation?
A

The circulating tumor cells surround themselves with platelets to mask themselves from circulating lymphocytes that are out to destroy them

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20
Q
  1. Define extravasation.
A

When metastatic tumor cells move out of the blood stream into the surrounding tissue

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21
Q
  1. What are common organs of metastasis?
A

Lung, liver, and brain, organs that receive a lot of blood flow

22
Q
  1. What are the 6 steps of metastasis?
A

Invasion, intravasation, intravascular circulation, extravasation, local growth in the new location, and angiogenesis

23
Q
  1. A neoplastic nodule with a capsule is more likely to be benign/malignant.
A

benign

24
Q
  1. Define differentiation.
A

The extent to which the malignant cells resemble their mature counterparts. If a malignancy is unidentifiable compared to its mature prototype it is considered undifferentiated.

25
Q
  1. Define anaplasia.
A

complete loss of differentiation of cells, no resemblance to mature counterparts

26
Q

A 47-year old woman with HIV is tested for tuberculosis exposure with a tuberculin skin test utilizing purified protein derivative (PPD). Candida ( a yeast that everyone has been exposed to) is injected in the other forearm as a positive control. After 72 hours, neither injection site is swollen or indurated. Why of the following conclusions is correct?

The patient has not been exposed to tuberculosis

The patient has been exposed to tuberculosis

The patient has active tuberculosis

The patient has an active candida infection

The patient cannot mount a cell mediated hypersensitivity response

A

The patient cannot mount a cell mediated hypersensitivity response

27
Q

T/F: Anaphylaxis is primarily mediated by B-cells.

A

F

28
Q

T/F: In adults, malignant bone lesions are mostly primary bone tumors.

A

F

29
Q

An abnormal mass of tissue that has little response to normal growth control mechanisms is described as:.

Metaplastic

Hyperplastic

Hypertrophic

Neoplastic

A

Neoplastic

30
Q

Inherited familial cancer syndromes are often characterized by which of the following?

Development of a common type of cancer in old age.

Development of a single cancer in old age.

Development of multiple cancers often beginning at a young age.

Family members rarely develop cancer at all.

Represents the cause for cancer in over 50% of all people.

A

Development of multiple cancers often beginning at a young age.

31
Q

During initiation of carcinogenesis, which of the following is the MOST important characteristic of a direct acting carcinogen?

Must be metabolically activated.

Causes direct damage to DNA.

Causes direct damage to RNA.

Leads directly to increased cell proliferation without resulting in a mutation.

A

Causes direct damage to DNA

32
Q

When a person says they have “hypertension” they mean they have pulmonary hypertension.

True

False

A

False

33
Q

Total lung capacity is easily evaluated clinically by measuring tidal volume and residual volume.

True

False

A

False

34
Q

Chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma are all types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

True

False

A

false

35
Q

In asthmatics, exposure to cold may trigger asthma attack and airway obstruction.

A

False

36
Q

Asthma is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

Cough with sputum production for 3 months each year for 2 years

Recurrent episodes of wheezing

Increased sensitivity to various stimuli

Inflammation of the airway

A

Cough with sputum production for 3 months each year for 2 years

37
Q

Chronic bronchitis is defined by:

Cough with sputum production for 3 months each year for 2 years

Destruction of alveoli

Recurrent wheezing

Inflammation of the airway

A

Cough with sputum production for 3 months each year for 2 years

38
Q

Interstitial lung diseases are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

Reduced total lung capacity

Parenchymal inflammation

Often present with dyspnea

Airway obstruction and pulmonary hyperinflation

A

Airway obstruction and pulmonary hyperinflation

39
Q

People exposed to asbestos can develop lung cancer

A

True

40
Q

T/F: People exposed to asbestos can develop lung cancer

A

True

41
Q

T/F: Exposure to inorganic dust such as silica will lead to pneumoconiosis

A

True

42
Q

Hyperventilation leads to:

Increased airway obstruction

Decreased level of PaCO2

Increased level of PaCO2

Very low PaCO2

A

Decreased level of PaCO2

43
Q

Smoking is known to cause all of the following EXCEPT:

Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema

Mesothelioma

Lung cancer

A

Mesothelioma

44
Q

Fungal infections are the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia.

True

False

A

False

45
Q

Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), represents injury to alveolar endothelium and vascular endothelium.

True

False

A

True

46
Q

T/F: Dental/oral abscess is the most common cause of pulmonary abscess.

A

False

47
Q

Nosocomial pneumonias are prevented by vaccination.

True

False

A

False

48
Q

Immunoglobulins and antioxidants protect the lung against pollutants and inhaled toxins.

True
False

A

True

49
Q

T/F: Bronchitis means permanent, irreversible dilation of airways

A

False

50
Q

T/F: Squamous cell carcinoma is a small cell carcinoma

A

False

51
Q

Organisms which cause pneumonia in persons with normal immunity:

Pneumocystic carinii

Cytomegalovirus

Aspergillus fumigatus

None of the above

A

None of the above

52
Q

Bronchiolitis is most often caused by:

A

Viruses