Neoplasm 1 Flashcards
- Define neoplasm.
A heritably altered, relatively autonomous growth of tissue.
- When is the genetic growth advantage transmitted to daughter cells?
mitosis
- What does relatively autonomous mean in response to tumor growth? They are dependent on the host for oxygen
They are dependent on the host for oxygen
- Define angiogenesis or neovascularization.
The neoplasm has the ability to grow its own blood vessels
- Hormones like estrogen and progesterone can be a growth promoting signal for neoplastic cells. TRUE/FALSE
True
- What are the ways neoplasms are able grow relatively autonomously?
Increased rate of mitosis,
Decreased rate of apoptosis,
Increased response to hormonal signals,
Decreased response to growth inhibitory intercellular signals,
Production of enzymes that digest extracellular material, so the cells can migrate to new areas,
Ability to evade the organisms’ immune system,
Ability to stimulate growth of new blood vessels to acquire increased oxygen supply,
Ability to use alternate sources of energy
- Discuss the differences between benign and malignant neoplasms.
Benign neoplasms are slow growing and stay confined to the tissue of origin while malignant neoplasms are rapidly growing and have the potential to spread widely throughout the body
- What are the ways benign neoplasms can become harmful?
Locally destruction of tissue (bone break), can produce hormones, pain, and bleeding
- What are the two types of malignancies and what differentiates them?
Carcinoma and sarcoma, cell of origin. Carcinoma arises from epithelial cells (squamous cell or adenocarcinoma) and sarcoma is a malignancy arising from mesenchymal cells (osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma)
- What are the most frequent types of cancers?
Carcinomas
- What are the two behaviors of neoplastic cells?
Define them. Invasion and metastasis. Invasion is when neoplastic cells grow beyond their site of origin.
- Carcinoma in situ refers to what neoplastic process?
Dysplasia, cells are proliferating locally and confined to the site of origin.
What is the purpose and function of proteolytic enzymes?
Degrade surrounding tissue and basement membrane.
- Collagenase is an example of a metalloproteinase/cysteine proteinases. What is its function?
Attack the basement membrane
- What is the function of serine proteinases and cysteine proteinases?
Attack the extracellular matrix proteins
- Obstructive bronchopneumonia in cases of lung cancer would be an example of what neoplastic behavior?
Invasion
- Define metastasis.
Noncontiguous spread of cancer to lymph nodes or distant organs
- Define intravasation.
Malignant cells move into lymphatic or blood vessels, requires the ability to destroy the capillary or lymphatic basement membrane and to bore holes through or between endothelial cells
- What is the function of platelets in the metastatic process of intravascular circulation?
The circulating tumor cells surround themselves with platelets to mask themselves from circulating lymphocytes that are out to destroy them
- Define extravasation.
When metastatic tumor cells move out of the blood stream into the surrounding tissue