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Pathology > Bacteremia and septicemia > Flashcards

Bacteremia and septicemia Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Define bacteremia.
A

Bacteria in the blood

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2
Q
  1. Define septicemia
A

A physiologic response to the presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood stream

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3
Q

Define sepsis

A

. A life-threatening physiological response to an infection which results in organ damage. Most commonly a bloodstream infection.

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4
Q
  1. Gram negative cocci are rod shaped and have a thick cell wall and stain blue. TRUE/FALSE
A

False

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5
Q
  1. Gram negative bacilli are rod shaped and stain red. TRUE/FALSE
A

True

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6
Q
  1. What bacteria are associated with TB?
A

acid fast mycobacteria

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7
Q
  1. What is the most virulent species of staphylococcus and what does it look like?
A

Staphylococcus aureus, The grapes of staph, blue cocci in clusters

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8
Q
  1. How does streptococcus pyogenes look different from staphylococcus?
A

Streptococcus forms long blue chains instead of clusters

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9
Q
  1. What bacteria causes strep through?
A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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10
Q
  1. What bacteria causes rheumatic heart disease?
A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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11
Q
  1. What does streptococcus pneumoniae look like?
A

Gram positive (blue) diplococci (pairs)

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12
Q
  1. What does Neisseria gonorrhea look like?
A

Gram negative (red) cocci

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13
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of Neisseria meningitides infection and what type of bacteria causes it?
A

Inflammation in the lining of the brain, severe headache and stiff neck. Palpable purpura (skin is bleeding from the vessles), gram negative (red) cocci

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14
Q
  1. What type of gram negative bacilli are associated with contaminated beef and chicken?
A

E. Coli & Salmonella

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15
Q
  1. What type of gram negative bacilli is associated with bloody diarrhea or dysentery?
A

Shigella

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16
Q
  1. What curable and preventable disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and what bacteria causes it? Describe the bacteria. How is it spread?
A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis or TB, acid fast bacilli, air born

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17
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of TB?
A

Coughing, sputum production, may disseminate in immunocompromised individuals

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18
Q
  1. What is XDR-TB?
A

Extensive drug resistant TB

19
Q
  1. What factors determine whether a person will become infected with TB?
A

Bacterial load, aerosol generation (sneezing), intensity and duration of exposure, ventilation, innate defenses, cell-mediated immunity, malnutrition

20
Q
  1. What determines severity of TB infection?
A

Immune system

21
Q
  1. What type of disease is Lyme disease and what type of bacteria causes it?
A

Vector born infection, The spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi

22
Q
  1. What are the 4 ways viruses are classified?
A

Nucleic acid: DNA or RNA virus and single strand or double strand, type of tissue they infect, size and lipoprotein envelope

23
Q
  1. What are 3 ways viruses enter a cell?
A

Binds to receptor, phagocytosed, and viral envelope fuses w/membrane

24
Q
  1. What are two processes of virus shedding?
A

Budding and cell lysis

25
Q
  1. Explain viral driven carcinogenesis.
A

DNA viruses hide (latent) in the DNA of cells and with oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunosuppression they are reactivated which causes the cellular changes that lead to cancer

26
Q
  1. Explain how bacterial superinfection kills people infected with the flu virus.
A

The Respiratory immune system (cilia) becomes impaired in the flu causing the lungs to become infected with bacteria

27
Q
  1. Why do we get a new flu shot every year?
A

The virus changes its surface antigens in a process called antigenic drift or shift

28
Q
  1. What causes influenza pandemics?
A

A shift in antigenic variation

29
Q
  1. What is a common cause of pneumonia in kids that causes wheezing?
A

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

30
Q
  1. What is the most common cause of deaths in infants worldwide?
31
Q
  1. What acute infection of the liver is caused by fecal-oral transmission?
A

Hepatitis A virus

32
Q
  1. What chronic infection of the liver is caused by sexual contact or blood exposure?
A

Hepatitis B & C

33
Q
  1. What might be the end result of long-term infection with Hepatitis B &C?
A

cirrhosis and carcinoma of the liver

34
Q
  1. What are the childhood exanthems?
A

Viral rashes such as measles and rubella

35
Q
  1. What symptoms present in measles virus infection?
A

Encephalitis, rash that starts at the forehead and spreads downwar

36
Q
  1. What symptoms present in the rubella virus?
A

Crosses the placenta and infects the fetus causing congenital malformations, rash starts on cheeks and spreads downward

37
Q
  1. What virus causes shingles in adults?
38
Q
  1. What virus causes severe hemorrhagic meningitis?
A

Herpes virus

39
Q
  1. What virus can cause DNA changes in the nucleus of cells that leads to cervical cancer?
A

Human papilloma virus

40
Q

Bacterial Classification Shape

A

On the basis of Morphology Biochemistry Genetics

King Phillip Come Out for God Sake

Stratification

Kingdom 
Phylum
Class
Order
Genus
Species
41
Q

What is bacteremia and septiemia?

A

Bacteremia - bacteria in the blood.

Septicemia: slightly different the presence of various (pus forming) bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream capable of generating sepsis. Blood poisoning (coll)*

Sepsis: a life-threatening physiological response to an infection which results in organ damage. Most commonly, but not always due to a bloodstream infection.

Bacteremia > Septicemia > Sepsis > Septic
Shock**

Severity and Physiological Derangement

  • Greek: poison in putrid blood
    • In shock, blood supply doesn’t meet demands
42
Q

Gram negative cocci

A

Gram negative cocci

Gonococus - gonorrhea
Meningococus - meningitis

Neisseria meningitidis
Is the cause of spinal meningitis and can cause minor epidemics in crowded conditions

43
Q

5 F’s of infection spread

A

Fomites, fingers, food, flies, feces

Pathology (9 decks)

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