bones

Question 1

What is the function of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes?

Answer 1

Osteoblasts make bone, osteoclasts resorb bone, and osteocytes maintain bone.

Question 2

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 2

Bone Marrow

Question 3

What makes up the basic multicellular units of bone? What is its function?

Answer 3

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, blood vessels, and bone marrow elements. Maintain and remodel the bone

Question 4

What is the function of osteocytes in the bone?

Answer 4

Coordinate bone resorption and remodeling, they control the osteoblasts making bone and osteoclasts breaking down bone

Question 5

What is the purpose of RANKL and sclerostin and which cell makes it?

Answer 5

RANKL and sclerostin are signaling molecules that recruit osteoclasts and osteoblasts, osteocytes make them

Question 6

What components form the matrix or osteoid of the bone?

Answer 6

Type I collagen and proteoglycans and hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 7

What is the purpose of hydroxyapatite crystals?

Answer 7

Maintain the mineral weight of the bone

Question 8

How much of the skeleton is replaced annually?

Answer 8

10%

Question 9

What vitamin determines peak bone mass?

Answer 9

Vitamin D

Question 10

Draw a diagram of bone and label the bone regions:

Answer 10

growth plate, epiphysis, metaphysis diaphysis, periosteum, and medullary cavity

Question 11

What type of bone is seen under normal conditions?

Answer 11

Lameliar

Question 12

Define ossification

Answer 12

The process of bone formation

Question 13

What disease of presents with decreased bone mass, no serologic changes, and normal mineralization of osteid?

Answer 13

Osteoporosis

Question 14

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?

Answer 14

Post menopausal age, pregnancy, immobilization, drugs, thyroid disease, hypogonadism, and cancer

Question 15

hat are the treatments for osteoporosis?

Answer 15

Resistance exercise, calcium, estrogen, vitamin D, fluoride, and bisphosphonates

Question 16

What is the difference between traumatic and pathologic causes of fracture?

Answer 16

Traumatic is bone break caused by accident, pathologic is when bone breaks due to an underlying disease like cancer

Question 17

What are comminuted fractures and related complications?

Answer 17

High energy fracture that causes multiple bone fragments, blood supply to the bone is disrupted = poor healing

Question 18

What is the function of fibroblasts at the fracture site?

Answer 18

They deposit collagen into the fracture site

Question 19

What is the name of infection in the bone?

Answer 19

Osteomyelitis

Question 20

Osteomyelitis of the finger bone due to a hang nail would be the result of what infectious process?

Answer 20

Direct inoculation

Question 21

What are the characteristic and most common cause of hematogenous osteomyelitis,?

Answer 21

Spread through blood infection, primarily seen in children, bacteria

Question 22

What is the most common site of hematogenous osteomyelitis in children?

Answer 22

Metaphyseal side of growth plate (location of most blood vessels)

Question 23

What determines the treatment of bone cancer?

Answer 23

Cell of origin

Question 24

hat is the most common form of bone cancer in adults?

Answer 24

Metastasis

Question 25

What are examples of matrix-producing tumors?

Answer 25

Osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma

Question 26

What are examples of non-matrix producing tumors?

Answer 26

Ewing sarcoma, metastasis, and multiple myeloma

Question 27

What is a malignant bone tumor that produces bone matrix? How is treated?

Answer 27

Osteosarcoma, chemotherapy followed by surgery

Question 28

What is a malignant bone tumor that produce cartilage? How is it treated?

Answer 28

Chondrosarcoma, surgical, does not respond to chemotherapy or radiation

Question 29

What is the most common primary (not metastasized) bone tumor in adults? What is this disease and how does it present? How is it treated?

Answer 29

Multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cell production, presents with anemia, bone pain, decreased renal function, and hypercalcemia, treatment is chemo and radiation

Question 30

T/F: Metastatic bone tumors are more common than primary bone tumors

Answer 30

True

Question 31

How do metastatic bone tumors usually present?

Answer 31

Pain or fracture

Question 32

T/F: Surgery of metastatic bone tumor is usually curative

Answer 32

False

Question 33

What are the most common cancers that metastasize to bone (5)?

Answer 33

Lung, breast,prostate, kidney, and thyroid

Question 34

What nourishes the articular cartilage?

Answer 34

Synovial fluid

Question 35

Articular cartilage is vascular/avascular?

Answer 35

Avascular

Question 36

What remodels the articular cartilage?

Answer 36

Load

Question 37

What is the purpose of synovial tissue?

Answer 37

Provides nutrients to the joint

Question 38

Synovial tissue is vascular/avascular and produces a variety of enzymes.

Answer 38

vascular

Question 39

What three things do diarthrodal joints need to function properly?

Answer 39

Normal load distribution, ligamentous stability, normal synovium.

Question 40

What is the most common form of arthritis?

Answer 40

Degenerative joint disease

Question 41

T/F: Synovium is not involved in DJD?

Answer 41

True

Question 42

What is sub-chondral bone exposure referred to?

Answer 42

Eburnation

Question 43

What are the causes of DJD?

Answer 43

Abnormal weight bearing, loss of normal water and proteoglycan content in cartilage.

Question 44

Subchondral cyst and eburnated subchondral bone would be indicative of what disease?

Answer 44

DJD

Question 45

What happens to the synovial fluid in RA?

Answer 45

Deposition of immune complexes recruits inflammatory cells to the synovial membrane which damages it, it then no longer provides nutrients to the joint