Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CR3 > Pulmonary Pathology > Flashcards

Pulmonary Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Define acinus

A

Functional unit
Terminal Respiratory unit
Distal to terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

LRT Parts

A 
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Trachea anatomy

A

C shaped cartilage rings, mucous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bronchi anatomy

A

Discontinuous cartilage plates

Mucous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bronchioles anatomy

A

No cartilage or mucous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Terminal bronchioles vs. respiratory bronchioles

A 
Terminal = <2mm diametes
Respiratory = for gas exchange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alveolar ducts anatomy

A

Flat epithelium, no glands or cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Alveolar sacs anatomy

A

No glands or cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pulmonary oedema

A 
Haemodynamic
Cardiogenic
Heavy wet lungs
Alveolar pink granular fluid 
Brown induration if long standing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diffuse Alveolar Damage (ARDS; shock lung)

A
  • oedema as alveolar capillary endothelium injury
  • rapidly developing
  • life threatening respiratory insufficiency
  • oedema fluid and fibrous membranes lining alveoli
  • proceeds to severe scarring
  • does not resolve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of diffuse alveolar damage

A 
shock
trauma
sepsis
viral infections
noxious gases
radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Emboli and infarction Types

A
  • pulmonary artery occlusion due to circulating clots from lower limb veins in bedridden patients
  • large saddle emboli = immediately fatal, lodge at pulmonary trunk bifurcation
  • smaller emboli lodge peripherally = wedge shaped infarcts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension

A
  • pulmonary circulation low resistance
  • increased pressure secondary to COPD, left valvular disease or recurrent thromboemboli
  • = R. ventricular hypertrophy, chronic cor pulmonale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Features

A
  • increased resistance to airflow at any level
  • no decreased in lung capacity
  • reduced FEV1
  • airway narrowing or loss of recoil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Restrictive Pulmonary Disease Features

A
  • reduced expansion of lung parenchyma
  • decreased total lung capacity
  • reduced TLC with proportionate FEV1 reduction
  • chest wall disorders or interstitial/infiltrative diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

COPD examples

A

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Bronchial Asthma
Bronchiectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

A
  • almost always co-existent

- almost always entirely due to smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define chronic bronchitis

A

Productive cough >3 months in 2 consecutive years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Features of chronic bronchitis

A
  • mucous gland hypertrophy
  • mucous hypersecretion
  • progressive
  • hypoxia, hypercapnia
  • cyanosis prone
  • blue bloater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define emphysema

A

Permanent dilatation of airways distal to terminal bronchiole

21
Q

Features of emphysema

A

Centriacinar/panacinar/irregular

  • elastin destruction = loss of elastic recoil
  • hyperventilate
  • normal blood gases
  • pink puffers
22
Q

Types of Emphysema

A
  • centriacinar = central/proximal bronchiole parts, smokers
  • panacinar = uniform dilatation of acini form resp bronchiole to alveoli, A1AT deficiency
  • paraseptal = peripheral, adjacent to scarring/collapse/fibrosis, predispose to spontaneous pneumothorax
  • irregular = irreg. involvement of acini, scarring
23
Q

What does smoking do to cause emphysema?

A

Inhibits Alpha 1 anti-trypsin

Activated elastase

24
Q

Bronchial Asthma

A
  • increased irritability of bronchial tree
  • paroxysms of reversible bronchospasm
  • most common is atopic = type 1 hypersensitivity
  • others = aspirin induced, occupational, infection
25
Q

Bronchiectasis

A
  • permanent dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles with wall necrosis
  • follows obstruction or childhood viral pneumonia
  • airways = saclike, filled with foul smelling pus
  • chronic paroxysmal cough brought on by posture change
  • foul smelling sputum and lots
26
Q

Complications of bronchiectasis

A 
Abscess
Fibrosis
Amyloid
Clubbing
Cor pulmonale
27
Q

Features of restrictive lung diseases

A
  • diffuse and chronic damage to pulmonary interstitium, basement membranes, collagen fibres, elastic tissue, fibroblasts, few leucocytes
28
Q

Physiological changes in restrictive lung disease

A
  • reduced oxygen diffusing capacity, lung volume and lung compliance
29
Q

CXR of restrictive lung disease

A
  • diffuse infiltration by small nodules
  • irregular lines
  • ground glass shadows
30
Q

Causes of restrictive lung diseases (common to least)

A
  • most common = environmental/occupational (25%)
  • sarcoidosis (20%)
  • idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (15%)
  • collagen vascular diseases (10%)
31
Q

Define Occupational lung Diseases

A
  • caused by inhalation of dust particles, mineral or organic substances over many years due to occupational exposure
32
Q

Features of occupational lung disease

A
  • diffuse
  • interstitial
  • restrictive
33
Q

2 mechanisms of injury to lung in occupational lung disease

A

1) scarring from chronic irritation = pneumoconiosis, coal

2) hypersensitivity = organic dusts

34
Q

Examples of occupational lung diseases

A
  • coal workers = pneumoconiosis, anthracosis, macules, progressive massive fibrosis
  • siliconosis, caplan’s syndrome
  • asbestos = caplan synd, asbestosis, pleural plaques, cancers
  • farmers lung, baggassosis
35
Q

Sarcoidosis define

A

systemic disease of unknown cause

36
Q

Characteristics of sarcoidosis

A
  • non caseating granulomatous reaction in many tissues
  • lung involved 90%
  • varying severity
  • incidental finding or respiratory/constitutional symptoms on presentation
  • steroid therapy unpredictable
37
Q

Lung cancer

A
  • bronchogenic
  • commonest site for secondary cancers
  • commonest malignancy of western world
38
Q

RF of lung cancer

A
  • cigarette smoking
  • asbestos
  • mineral dusts
  • radiation
  • pollution
  • scarring
39
Q

Which cancers are caused by smoking?

A
  • lip
  • tongue
  • floor of mouth
  • larynx
  • oesophagus
  • urinary bladder
  • pancreas
  • kidney
40
Q

How does smoking affect the respiratory epithelium?

A
  • ciliated, mucus secreting, pseudostratified columnar

- progresses to stratified squamous -> squamous dyplasia -> carcinoma

41
Q

Histological classifications of lung cancer

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • adenocarcinoma
  • small cell (oat cell) carcinoma
  • large cell carcinoma
42
Q

Features of small cell carcinoma

A
  • not treatable surgically
  • widely disseminated
  • chemo
43
Q

Features of non small cell carcinoma

A
  • surgical treatment

- targeted therapy

44
Q

How does targeted therapy work?

A
  • blocking GF receptor signalling using an antibody or inhibiting the pathway
  • stop vessel growth by the tumour
  • encourage immune response to fight tumour cells
45
Q

Non small cell cancer targeted therapy

A
  • EGFR
  • VEGF
  • ALK-EML4 translocation
  • ROS
  • MET
  • BRAF
46
Q

Local clinical features of lung cancer

A
  • cough
  • haemoptysis
  • pain
47
Q

General clinical features of lung cancer

A
  • weight loss
  • clubbing
  • hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
48
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Feature of lung cancer
Due to ectopic hormone production by tumour cells
- e.g = hypercalcaemia, SIDAH

49
Q

Prognosis of lung cancer

A
  • overall 5 year survival = 10%

- staging most important determinant of outcome

CR3 (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions