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CR3 > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Define anaemia

A

Number of red cells or the oxygen carrying capacity of the red cells are insufficient in meeting the physiological needs

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2
Q

How many people are affected by anaemia?

A

1.6 billion people

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3
Q

Requirements for RBC production?

A

Myeloid progenitor cells in bone marrow
Permissive BM mico-environment
Adequate iron, B12, folate

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4
Q

EPO

A

erythropoietin controls RBC production
Peritubular fibroblasts in renal cortex synthesise EPO
EPO = more reduces oxygen tension

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5
Q

How can anaemia be classified on the underlying mechanism?

A

1) Bone marrow aplasia/infiltrate
2) Ineffective haematopoiesis (HIV)
3) Substrate deficiency
4) EPO insufficiency

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6
Q

How can anaemia be classified by peripheral loss/destruction?

A

1) Bleeding
2) Sequestration
3) Haemolysis

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7
Q

General anaemia symptoms

A

Increased fatigue/tiredness
Dyspnea
Decreased effort to tolerance

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8
Q

What do the severity of anaemia symptoms depend on?

A

Degree of anaemia

Rate of Hb decrease

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9
Q

What to cover in an anaemia history?

A 
PC
Duration of problem
Transfusion history
Dietary history
Cravings for unusual foods (associated with iron deficiency)
Travel history
Change in bowel habits
Bleeding
Drug history (anticoagulants, antiplatelets, reno toxic agents)
Chronic disease (HIV, TB)
Surgery
Pregnancy (recent or current)
FH
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10
Q

Skin and mucous membrane clinical exam signs

A 
Pallor cardinal sign
Angular stomatitis
Glossitis
Koilonychia (spoon nails)
Premature greying
Scleral icterus
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11
Q

Neuromuscular clinical exam signs

A

Muscle weakness
Headache, lack of concentration, drowsiness
Tinnitus
Paraesthesias, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, loss of vibration sense

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12
Q

CV clinical exam signs

A

Hyperdynamic circulation with flow murmurs
Cardiac failure
Hepatosplenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Bleeding manifestations (petechiae, purpura)

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13
Q

Lab test for anaemia

A

FBC
Reticulocyte counts
Microscopic blood smear

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14
Q

Normal male Hb

A

13.8-17.9

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15
Q

Normal female Hb

A

12.4-15.5

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16
Q

Pregnancy normal Hb

A

<11

17
Q

Define Hct

A

Volume percentage of RBC in blood

18
Q

Adult male Hct normal

A

42-54%

19
Q

Adult women Hct normal

A

38-46%

20
Q

Define MCV

A

Mean cell volume

Hct/RBC concentration

21
Q

Normal value of MCV

A

77-93

85 is normal

22
Q

MCH Define

A

Mean corpuscular Hb
Average mass of Hb per RBC
= Hb total mass/RBC number

23
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia with low or now RBC

A

Iron deficiency
Lead poisoning
Anaemic of chronic inflammation
Sideroblastic anaemia

24
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia with high FBC

A

Thalassemias

25
Q

Causes of normocytic anaemia

A 
Haemolytic
Bone marrow disorders
Hypersplenism
Acute blood loss
Anaemias of chronic disease
26
Q

Causes of macrocytic anaemia

A 
B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
Liver disease
Hypothyroidism
Reticulocytosis

CR3 (30 decks)

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