Pulmonary 3 (Step up son) Flashcards
A guy comes in and he’s over 50yo concerned about progressive exercise intolerance and difficulty breathing. You notice dry crackles and JVD on exam. What would be seen on CXR, CT, PFTs, bronchioalveolar lavage, and biopsy that would indicate Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?
CXR: reticulonodular pattern (and honeycombing in advanced cases)
CT: ground glass appearance
PFTs: restrictive process
Bronchioalveolar lavage: increased PMNs
Biopsy: extensive fribrosis and loss of parenchymal architecture
How is IPF treated?
Corticosteroids AND either azathioprine OR cyclophosphamide (helps some patients…follow PFTs)
Lung transplant is often necessary…but rarely occur
Youngish black woman comes in with cough, weight loss, sore knees/ankles, chest pain, fever, erythema nodosum, vision loss, and facial asymmetry. What is a likely diagnosis? What is likely to be seen on CXR? Biopsy?
This is likely Sarcoidosis
Hilar lymphadenopathy and ground glass appearance
Noncaseating granuloma*
Youngish black woman comes in with cough, weight loss, sore knees/ankles, chest pain, fever, erythema nodosum, vision loss, and facial asymmetry. What would be seen on labs that would indicate that it is indeed sarcoidosis?
Increased serum ACE
Epitheloid macrophages increase vitamin D activation –> hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria
Increased alk phos
Decreased WBC
Increased ESR
PFTs show decreased FVC and decreased D(Lco)
Youngish black woman comes in with cough, weight loss, sore knees/ankles, chest pain, fever, erythema nodosum, vision loss, and facial asymmetry. A biopsy shows a noncaseating granuloma. How should this patient be treated? What needs to be considered when testing her for TB?
Sometimes self limited
Corticosteroids if chronic
Cytotoxic drugs if steroids don’t work
Sarcoidosis typically causes anergy (no rxn) to PPD
A retired demolition man comes in complaining of worsening breathing and hacking stuff up all the time. On exam he has crackles, wheezes, and digital clubbing. What would be expected on CXR? Chest CT? PFTs? What else should be done?
This is asbestosis CXR: multinodular opacities, pleural effusions, blurring of borders CT: linear pleural/parenchymal fibrosis PFTs: restrictive process *Pleural biopsy*: asbestosis fibers
A retired sandblaster comes in with bad breathing and a productive cough. On CXR, small apical nodular opacities and hilar adenopathy is seen. What is the likely disease? What is this guy at increased risk of? What other professions is it common in?
Silicosis puts people at increased risk of TB infection
Mining, pottery, granite cutting
A retired coal miner comes in with increased shortness of breath and a cough that won’t quit. What will likely be seen on CXR? PFTs?
Coal worker disease causes small apical nodular opacities on CXR and a restrictive pattern on PFTs
A retired electrical engineer comes in with a cough and diffuse granulomas. It sounds like he has pulmonary edema on exam. What does he have? what is likely seen on CXR? How should he be treated?
This is possibly berylliosis (also seen with ceramic, tool, and die manufacturing)
CXR: diffuse infiltrates and hilar adenopathy
Corticosteroid treatment to maintain respiratory function
A woman comes in with hemoptysis. She recently had a URI, but has otherwise felt well; but notes that her urine is frothy. So you get a CXR and a UA. What are you most concerned about at this time?
Goodpasture syndrome
A woman comes in with hemoptysis. She recently had a URI, but has otherwise felt well; but notes that her urine is frothy. So you get a CXR (bilateral alveolar infiltration) and a UA (proteinuria and granular casts). What special lab would you get? If positive, how would you treat?
Anti-GBM (glomerular basement membrane) antibodies are diagnostic for Goodpasture syndrome
Treat with plasmapheresis* to remove antibodies; corticosteroids and immunsuppressive agents
A patient comes in and has a bunch of complaints: lung issues, myalgia, sinus issues, nasopharynx ulcers*, hematuria, CNS issues, eye issues, and an arrhythmia. What is the concern? What should the next lab be? What would be seen on biopsies?
This could be granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)
Get a c-ANCA
Biopsy: noncaseating granulomas; renal vasculitic processes
A patient comes in with sudden onset SOB, CP, and a feeling of impending doom. On exam, the patient is tachycardic, tachypneic, and has decreased breath sounds in one of the fields. What imaging is best? What should be done for this patient?
Spiral CT is best
Treat with unfractionated heparin or LMWH; if UF-Hep, convert to either LMWH or warfarin for 3-6 months
Thrombolysis may be indicated if severe or if there are no cardiac contraindications, recent trauma, or surgery
What causes a louder S2 with pulmonary hypertension?
The pulmonic valve is being slammed shut from the increased pulmonary pressure
What treatment is indicated for patients with idiopathic or pulmonary reasons for pulmonary HTN?
Vasodilators…decreases incoming volume –> decreased pressure
